1. Civil Rights and Reform in the 1960s (1945-1968)
Lesson 3 Successes and Setbacks

2. Increasing Participation in the Political Process
Voting in the South
Jim Crow Laws in the South
Literacy tests, poll taxes + intimidation
Freedom Summer – campaign to help southern blacks to register to vote – 1964
African American + White college students travel south
Volunteers beat, lost jobs, forced to leave their homes
Organized by SNCC + CORE
“Bloody Sunday” – March 1965
MLK + SCLC organize a campaign
Pressure federal government to create a voting rights act
Selma to Montgomery –
Federal troops attacked marchers

3. Voting Rights Act 1965 + 24th Amendment
Banned literacy tests and federal government oversee registration
President Lyndon B. Johnson
1975 – Act expanded to Hispanic Voters
24th Amendment – 1964
Banned poll tax
Supreme Court Cases
Baker v. Carr - Federal Courts can over see redistricting of states
Reynolds v. Sims - requires that the legislative districts across states be equal in population.
Both help end racial Gerrymandering of districts.

4. Analyze Charts What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of each organization's approach to gaining civil rights for African Americans?

5. Analyze Data In which state did African Americans make the most gains in voter registration? Do you believe it’s more important for African Americans to increase their representation in Congress, or in state government?

6. Violence Troubles Civil Rights Efforts
Groups upset over the Voting Rights Act of 1964
Riots
Watt Los Angeles – Violence, looting, arson
National Guard Sent
Newark, New Jersey
Detroit, Michigan
Investigating Riots
Kerner Commission – (National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders)
Racial discrimination caused riots
Increase Federal programs at helping urban communities

7. New Leaders Voice Discontent African-American Solidarity
Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites
believed whites to be the source of black problems
Black Power: African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites
Black pride and spread idea of black nationalism
Malcolm X —controversial Muslim leader, speaker; gets much publicity
Frightens whites, moderate blacks; resented by other Black Muslims
Feb 1965 – Shot and killed

8. Black Panthers
Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency
Huey Newton + Bobby Seale
MLK says “we shall overcome”
BP says “we shall overrun”
have violent confrontations with police
Openly carried weapons in public and were prepared to use violence
Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support

9. Results of the Civil Rights Movement
Analyze Information Based on the information in the chart, which legislation dealt specifically with voting rights?

10. Controversies Affirmative Action
Means to closing the economic gap between blacks and whites
Businesses, schools, colleges, universities
Increase African American representation/opportunities
Late 1970s, some criticize policy as reverse discrimination

11. Martin Luther King, Jr. Baptist minister, social activist, and orator
Inspired and led blacks and whites to end segregation and racism through nonviolent resistance, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington…
MLK March on Washington -"I have a dream"
1964 – won the Nobel Peace Prize
Willing to be a martyr for the cause whether it meant prison or death
1968 – Assassinated by James
Earl Ray (maybe)

13. Malcolm X
A black militant, who symbolized black power, defense of African American rights and improvement of their conditions even if it meant violence
Criminal background; while in prison, joined the Nation of Islam who stressed black nationalism but taught that white people were “devils.”
Broke from the Black Muslims and traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia and Africa
Changed his philosophy hoping one day all races will be joined in brotherhood
1965-Assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam

14. "I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment."
-- Malcolm X, 1964

15. MLK’s last speech
I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you.

16. Left to right: Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr
Left to right: Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Rev. Ralph David Abernathy on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel Memphis hotel, a day before King's assassination. April 3,1968

17. Martin Luther King, Jr. v. Malcolm X
Emerged from the black underclass in northern ghettos
Dropped out of school
Advocated self defense
Wanted Blacks to love themselves and unite to control their communities
Black Muslims accused him of seeking personal glory
MLK, Jr.
Raised in a middle class family
Earned a Ph.D. from Boston University
Advocated nonviolent direct action
Called for integration; whites supported and financed the movement
African Americans felt his protests were not assertive enough