The Triumph of Industry

The Triumph of Industry
Technology and Industrial Growth

Natural Resources The country’s growth was fueled by our many natural resources. Coal mines powered trains, forests were cut for lumber, rivers were used to transports goods, and in 1859 Edwin Drake drilled first oil well.

NEW INDUSTRIES Oil Mining Sugar Steel Meatpacking Beef/Cattle
Construction Telegraph Telephone Railroad Marketing Sewing Machine Vacuums Typewriters Automobile Salt Coal Agricultural

NEW SOUTH

Growing Workforce Many immigrants came to the U.S. after the Civil War. (Asians and Europeans) Push Factors- Things that push people out of their country to go somewhere else. (Religious discrimination, political war, crop failures) Pull Factors- Things that are appealing for someone who is looking for a place of refuge from their current living place. (Economic opportunity, freedom of religion, political stability)

Immigrants were willing to work for for low wages because the competition was great and they wanted economic opportunities that they did not have in their home countries. By 1905, 1 million immigrants have come to America to live.

Immigrants from Europe
Immigrants provided the labor force for industrial expansion of the US. They also became the customers who in return bought the items produced. Old New New New

Chart: Rise of Immigrants
IMMIGRATION 1,593,000 181,1880 2,753,00 926,000 1,110,000 1,847,000 1,069,000 5,780,000 540,000 2,928,000 Old = England and Germany New = Southern Europe: Italy, Russia, Poland Chart: Rise of Immigrants

Capitalism and Entrepreneurs
Capitalism- Free Enterprise, where individuals own most businesses. Entrepreneurs- People who invest money in a product or enterprise to make a profit. The industry these people made created more jobs and also attracted foreign investment.

Government Policies Encourage Free Enterprise
Government policies encouraged the success of business in the late 1800s. Ex: The government would give railroad companies millions of acres of land in return for their promise to quickly link the East and West Coast.

Government Policies Encourage Free Enterprise
Protective Tariffs Taxes that make imported goods cost more than those products that are made locally. Laissez-faire Policy that allows businesses to operate under minimal government regulation. “Hands off, Leave business alone”

Electricity Transforms Life
Patent- Grant by the federal government giving the inventor the right to develop, use, and sell an innovation for a set period of time. Thomas Edison- Supported by J.P. Morgan. Received more than 1,000 patents for new innovations such as the light bulb. He later developed plans for a central power plant for cities. George Westinghouse- developed technology to send electricity over long distances.

Improving Communications
Samuel Morse- Telegraph technology or sending messages over wire. Alexander Graham Bell- Telephone By 1900 there were more than 1 million telephones across the country Guglielmo Marconi- wireless telegraph leading to later the development of the radio

Thomas Alva Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park”

“Wizard of Menlo Park” Edison Inventions helped to shape modern society More than 1,000 inventions patented Light bulb Phonograph Incandescent electric lamp Starter for automobiles that eliminated hand crank Batteries Perfected stock ticker New York City first city to powered by electricity The motion picture camera and projector First used “hello” as phone greeting Helped Alexander G. Bell with the telephone

The Light Bulb

The Phonograph (1877)

The Ediphone or Dictaphone

The Motion Picture Camera

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

Between 1800 to 1900, US Govt. issued 500,000 patents
KEY INVENTIONS BETWEEN 1860 TO 1900 Elevator Bessemer Process Sewing Machine Dynamite Typewriter Levi Blue Jeans/Basketball Telephone Phonograph Light bulb and cash register Zipper Gasoline automobile and skyscraper New York City---first city to have electricity--1890 Radio Subway X-ray Between 1800 to 1900, US Govt. issued 500,000 patents

Steel Henry Bessemer- Developed process for purifying iron, resulting in steel. Bessemer Process By 1890 the U.S. was outproducing Britain. Steel allowed for the production of skyscrapers, elevators, and suspension bridges. 1st suspension bridge was the Brooklyn Bridge. In 1883 it was the longest bridge in the world.

BESSEMER PROCESS New Uses for Steel
In 1856 Henry Bessemer devised a way of converting iron into steel on a large scale. His invention involved blowing air through molten iron in a converter, or furnace, in order to burn off the excess carbon. His invention revolutionized the Industrial Age. New Uses for Steel Steel used in railroads, barbed wire, farm machines Changes construction: Brooklyn Bridge; steel-framed skyscrapers

With the Bessemer Process and Carnegie steel, Skyscrapers revolutionized the building industry…..
Major city skylines would be dotted with this new type of building as the 1900’s begin.

Technology and Transportation
George Westinghouse Air brakes for trains Granville Woods Telegraph system for trains. Gustavus Swift refrigerated cars for transporting food. 1884- world divided in to 24 different time zones. Electric streetcars, commuter trains, and subways started to appear in major cities. 1903- Wright brothers flew first airplane. Americans could now commute to work and not have to live in the city.

What helped the railroad industry prosper? Westinghouse Air Brakes
Bessemer Process Westinghouse Air Brakes Steel Rails Standard Gauge Pullman Cars

A Growing Nation Railroads transformed industries because they could transport large amounts of goods quickly, cheaply, and efficiently. They also linked every part of the nation. Railroads stimulated growth in other industries. Mass Production- making large quantities of goods quickly and inexpensively.

Linking World Markets By the 1880s the U.S. had as many miles of railroads as the whole rest of the world combined. Goods could easily be made and then transported to ports where they could be shipped all around the world. The export of food and goods greatly expanded the American economy.

Changing American Society
Farmers became mechanized, meaning fewer workers were needed to do the work that machines were now doing. Out of work farmers were moving to cities. Mass production meant that clothing and supplies were more affordable. Higher costs of living, low wages and repetitive work in factories affected how the citizens lived.

Environment Not much thought had gone on about preserving the environment. Mining was destroying land, agricultural production lead to erosion and dust storms. Concern about the environment would lead to agencies to protect the land. Yellowstone Park in 1872 was one of the first federal responses to the concerns about the environment.

Expanding and changing cities

Advantages of Cities Urbanization = The increase in city size and population. Most cities were in the Northeast, Pacific coast, and on waterways of the Midwest. They were connected by railroad lines and became magnets for immigrants and rural Americans.

Advantages of Cities Factory Jobs, new education opportunities, and a growing middle class. Women = take in boarders, do piecework, become servants, and work in factories. More entertainment, possibility to move to the middle class, and increase children’s education.

Cities grew rapidly Terrible Conditions GROWTH OF URBANIZATION
near raw materials industrial areas transportation routes. Opportunities in the job market. Terrible Conditions Poor sanitary and living conditions Tenement apartments Sweathouses

Immigrants Move to Cities for Opportunities
Some may have went to cities to join family others may not. Different regions and industries may have a majority of their workers from one particular place. Ex: Steel mill workers in Pennsylvania were mostly Polish. New York factories = Jewish Pacific Northwest fishing industry = Scandinavians

Migration from Country to Cities
Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood 1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence Find segregation, discrimination in North too Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension The move to factory work was hard on famers because they now had to face a boss’s restrictions and rules and be confined to a factory and not be outdoors.

Engineers Build Skyward
Skyscrapers = 10 story and taller buildings that had steel frames. Provided office space for cities that had no more room left on the ground. Elisha Otis = Developed safety elevator that would not fall if the lifting rope broke. The American Institute of Architecture-1857 Required education and licensing to become and architect. Built schools, libraries, train stations, residents and office buildings.

Electricity Powers Urban Transit
Mass Transit = Public transportation systems that could carry large numbers of people inexpensively. First commuter trains were dirty, slow, and unreliable. (Coal Powered) Horse pulled trolleys were slow as well. Electricity was clean, quiet, and efficient.

Electricity and Mass Transit
Electric street cars were reliable and could carry more people than horse carts. Electric cable cars did have problems: The cables used to run the cars could block fire trucks, and traffic congestion blocked them from running on schedule. Boston = first subway system in NYC followed in 1904. Growth of suburbs for those who could afford transit fares away from the city.

City Planners Control Growth
As cities grew architectural firms expanded to offer city planning services to make cities more functional and beautiful. Cities were zoned for different uses. (residential, industrial and financial) Parks, boulevards, buildings and electric street lights were a few of the new developments. Frederick Law Olmstead = Designed Philadelphia’s Fairmount Park, NYC’s Central Park, and similar parks in Detroit, Washington D.C., and California.

Housing Conditions Tenements = Low cost multifamily housing designed to fit in as many families as possible. Tenements were not clean, had little windows, poor ventilation, and were dangerous.

Living Conditions

Urban Living Conditions

Water Sanitation Water and Sanitation
1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses often do not do job properly By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

Fire and Crime Crime As population grows, thieves flourish
Early police forces too small to be effective Fire Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters Most firefighters volunteers, not always available 1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

1871 Chicago fire killed nearly 300 people and left more than 100,000 homeless.
Police officers in 1900s.