1. THE END OF WWI & THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

2. QUICK WRITE!
To what extent was the United States morally, economically and politically justified in entering the First World War against Germany?

3. SOMETHING INTERESTING…
The Turkish Genocide of Armenians
Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey
1914
1922
Erzerum
215,000
1,500
Van
197,000
500
Kharbert
204,000
35,000
Diarbekir
124,000
3,000
Bitlis
220,000
56,000
Sivas
225,000
16,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey
Western Anatolia
371,800
27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria
309,000
70,000
European Turkey
194,000
163,000
Trapizond District
73,390
15,000
Total
2,133,190
387,800

4. THE END OF WWI & THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES

5. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson USA David Lloyd-George Great Britain
Vittorio Orlando Italy
Georges Clemenceau France

6. The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

7. Clemenceau The Tiger What did France want from the treaty? Security
Revenge
Reparations
Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future. He was determined that Germany should be made to pay for the damage that had been caused in northern France by the invading German armies.
Clemenceau
The Tiger

8. David Lloyd-George What did Britain Want?
In public Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti-German at the end of the war.
In private he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner.
He was also worried about the “disease from the east”, communism. The Russian government had been overthrown by a communist revolution in Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.
David Lloyd-George

9. What did America Want?
Woodrow Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his Fourteen Points
He believed Germany should be punished but not severely. He wanted a just settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful
Wilson wanted to set up an international organisation called The League of Nations which would settle disputes
Woodrow Wilson
The American public did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs. The US became more isolationist.

10. WILSON’S 14 POINTS (WILSON WAS AWARDED THE 1919 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE)
An end to all secret diplomacy
Freedom of the seas in peace and war
The reduction of trade barriers among nations
The general reduction of armaments
The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers
The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations
The restoration of Belgium
The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine
The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality
Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary
The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia
Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles
Independence for Poland, including access to the sea
A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike."

11. ARMISTICE: NOVEMBER 11, 1918
A war of attrition now favored the Allies, who could count on American supplies and manpower.
The Treaty resulted in lots of concessions.
Blame, Reparations, Army Reduction, Territory Lost
The US didn’t ratify the Treaty of Versailles for many reasons.

12. WHAT WERE THE TERMS OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES?
To do with Germany’s armed forces :
The German army was to be reduced to 100,000 men. It was not allowed to have tanks.
Germany was not allowed an air force
The area known as the Rhineland was to be de- militarised
The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years
The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships

13. 100,000
De-militarised
The Military Clauses

15. Territorial Losses Germany lost ALL of her overseas colonies
Alsace-Lorraine was given to France

16. Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium
North-Schleswig was given to Denmark

17. Posen was given to Poland so that she would have access to the Baltic Sea. This area became known as the Polish Corridor. It meant that East Prussia was cut off from the rest of Germany.

18. The Rhineland was to be de-militarized

19. The Saar coalfields were given to France for fifteen years
The port of Danzig was made a Free City under the control of the League of Nations

21. GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR
The War Guilt Clause
"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."
Article 231
GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

22. REPARATIONS
Germany agreed to pay for the damage caused by her armies during the war. The sum she had to pay was later fixed at £6.6 billion

23. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria ever again

24. How did Germans React to the Treaty?
Germans thought the Treaty was a “diktat” : a dictated peace. They had not been invited to the peace conference at Versailles and when the Treaty was presented to them they were threatened with war if they did not sign it.
The Treaty was NOT based on Wilson’s Fourteen Points as the Germans had been promised it would.
Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war
The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.
Many Germans believed the German economy would be crippled by having to pay reparations.

25. HOW TO REMEMBER VERSAILLES
BRAT
B- Blame
R- Reparations
A- Army Reductions
T- Territory Lost

26. The Treaty of Versailles would serve as the humiliation needed to cause Germany to take one of the most shocking turns in societal history.

27. THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Was founded in 1920 following the events of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration
Despite the suggestion of Woodrow Wilson to establish the League of Nations, the United States never joined.
Henry Cabot Lodge led the opposition to the LON, mostly because of Article X.
The United States would be bound by international contract to defend a League of Nations member if it was attacked.

28. THE FOREIGN POLICY SPECTRUM
Complete the chart and respond to the questions, if necessary you can type in the boxes (Doc is online) OR
You can complete the activity on a separate sheet to allow for more space.

29. The British Mandate in Palestine:
July, 1922

30. League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East

31. Versailles Settlement in Europe

32. German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921

33. German Pacific Colonies Lost Post-WWI

34. League of Nations Mandates in Africa

35. New Nations: 1923