1. Respiration

2. Learning Objectives
Distinguish between respiration, ventilation and gaseous exchange.
Outline the use of ATP as the energy currency in living things.
Outline the process of aerobic respiration.
Define and explain OXYGEN DEBT.
Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Determine the energy in foods.
Predict the outcome of experiments using hydrogen carbonate indicator.

3. Definitions RESPIRATION Gaseous Exchange Ventilation
Respiration (which is often confused with breathing) is a set of chemical reactions that takes place in all living cells. It is the means by which we obtain useful energy from the food that we eat. Energy is produced in the form of ATP. The overall equation is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Gaseous exchange is the intake of oxygen and the excretion of carbon dioxide and water. This takes place across a respiratory surface. In humans, this is the lungs, or more specifically, the alveoli. In fish, it is the gills. In earthworms, it is the skin. In plants, the main respiratory surface are the leaves.
Ventilation is where the stale air, containing a lower concentration of oxygen and a higher concentration of carbon dioxide , is expelled and replaced with fresh air containing higher concentrations of oxygen and lower concentrations of carbon dioxide. This maintains the concentration gradient across respiratory surfaces.

5. ATP Energy is used to add phosphates
Energy is released when phosphates are lost
Some energy
Little energy
Lots of energy

6. Aerobic Respiration Glucose Pyruvate 2ATP 36ATP CO2 H2O O2
Glycolysis in the cytoplasm
2ATP
36ATP
Kreb’s cycle in the mitochondrion
CO2
H2O O2
Where is most of the ATP produced?
What are the two main stages of respiration?
Which stage requires oxygen?
What waste substances are produced?
What is the total number of ATPs that can be made in respiration?
What is meant by aerobic?
Why do muscle cells contain a large number of mitochondria?

7. Anaerobic respiration (Animals)2

8. Oxygen Debt
Oxygen debt – the extra volume of air needed to break down the lactic acid
Why does the oxygen consumption increase during vigorous exercise? (4)
Why do sprinters only race up to 400 metres? (1)
Why do they continue to breath heavily after they have finished running? (2)

9. Learning objectives
Outline the process of anaerobic respiration in animals and fungi (yeast).

10. Anaerobic respiration (plants and yeast)

11. Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration in humans
Amount of ATP per glucose
Site of reaction
Use of oxygen
End products

13. Show me quiz! 1
What is respiration?
A breathing
B a chemical reaction

14. Show me quiz! 1
B a chemical reaction

15. Show me quiz! 2
What is the energy currency within living things?

16. Show me quiz! 2
ATP

17. Show me quiz! 3
How many ATPs are made in glycolysis?

18. Show me quiz! 3 2

19. Show me quiz! 4
Name the stage of respiration that takes place in the mitochondrion

20. Show me quiz!
Kreb’s Cycle 4

21. Show me quiz! 5
What is the maximum number of ATPs produced from one molecule of glucose?

22. Show me quiz! 38 5

23. Show me quiz! 6
Name the substance produced in muscles through anaerobic respiration

24. Show me quiz!
Lactic acid 6

25. Show me quiz! 7
State the “SI” unit used to measure the amount of energy in foods

26. Show me quiz!
Joule 7

27. Show me quiz! 8
Name the products of anaerobic respiration in yeast

28. Show me quiz!
Ethanol and carbon dioxide 8

29. Show me quiz! 9
Name the apparatus used to accurately determine the energy content of foods

30. Show me quiz!
Bomb calorimeter 9

31. Show me quiz! 10
State the term used to for the need for extra oxygen to break down lactic acid

32. Show me quiz!
Oxygen debt 10

33. Show me quiz! 11
Name the proteins that control the reactions of respiration

34. Show me quiz! 11
Enzymes

35. 12 Show me quiz! Which process requires ATP A Diffusion B Osmosis
C Active transport

36. Show me quiz! 12
C Active transport

37. Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator
A bicarbonate indicator (hydrogencarbonate indicator) is a type of pH indicator that is sensitive enough to show a color change as the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in an aqueous solution increases. Carbon dioxide produces a weak acid in solution.
High Medium Low

38. Hydrogen Carbonate Indicator
Draw and predict the colour of the hydrogen carbonate indicator in each tube
High Medium Low

39. Determining the energy in foods
CALORIMETRY
Determining the energy in foods
Haileybury Astana IGCSE Science

40. Learning Objectives Determine the amount of energy in foods.
Identify the sources of error.
State that fatty foods are higher in energy value

41. Calorimetry Energy = change in temperature x 25cm3 x 4.2J
Weigh the food
Measure out 25ml of water
Measure the starting temperature of the water
Ignite the food
Place the burning food beneath the test tube of water
Measure the temperature at the end
Use the formula to determine the energy content of the food
Food
Mass
Start temperature
End temperature
Change in temperature
Energy = change in temperature x 25cm3 x 4.2J
Mass of the food`
Error analysis: Are the values too high or too low? List the sources of error.

42. Calorimetry Energy = change in temperature x 25cm3 x 4.2J
Food
Mass
(g)
Start temperature °C
End temperature
Temperature rise
Energy
J/g
Crispbread
Hazelnut
Walnut
Pecan
Brazil
Energy = change in temperature x 25cm3 x 4.2J
Mass of the food`
Error analysis: Are the values too high or too low? List the sources of error.

43. Data Nutrients Nut Variety Calories (kcal) Protein (g) Total Fat (g)
Saturated Fat (g)
Carbs (g)
Fiber (g)
Brazil Nuts
190 4 19 3 2
Hazelnuts
180 17
1.5 5
Pecans
200 20
Walnuts 18

44. Bomb Calorimeter