1. History of Engineering
P.O.E
History of
Engineering

2. OBJECTIVE:
1. How can Students have an understanding of engineering and be able to identify engineering achievements and their significance throughout history

3. Focus Questions
1.      In what ways do the discoveries of prehistoric engineers affect your life today?   
2. In what ways did prehistoric engineers overcome limitations of the time to perform the same functions as modern engineers?
3.  Which engineering feat of the twentieth century do you feel was the most significant and what were some of the underlying principles that finally made it possible?
4. Can you identify five historical engineering role models, including minorities and women.
   

4. CONCEPTS
1.      According to ABET, Inc., engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment, to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind. 
2.      Engineering is continuously adding to the core of human knowledge; every new invention and innovation is grounded in the work of people from previous generations.
3.      To be a good engineer requires more that just a study of mathematics, science, and technology. A firm grasp of history, economics, philosophy, ethics, foreign language, music, and writing make a well rounded professional who will be lifelong learners and leaders.

5. Who were the first engineers? What were the first engineering designs?
When did engineering begin?
Who were the first engineers?
What were the first engineering designs?

6. History of Engineering
The history of engineering can be roughly divided into four overlapping phases, each marked by a revolution:

7. The four phases
Pre-scientific revolution: The prehistory of modern engineering features ancient master builders and Renaissance engineers such as Leonardo da Vinci.
Industrial revolution: (1750 to 1850) From the eighteenth through early nineteenth century, civil and mechanical engineers changed from practical artists to scientific professionals.
Second industrial revolution: (1850 to 1950) In the century before World War II, chemical, electrical, and other science- based engineering branches developed electricity, telecommunications, cars, airplanes, and mass production.
Information revolution: As engineering science matured after the war, microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications jointly produced information technology.

8. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Probably occurred in Asia Minor or Africa years ago
Change from nomadic life (hunter - gatherers)
The Agrarian Society (agriculture)
forms the basis of civilization
cultivate plants - the need for increased food production
domesticate animals - for food and work
build permanent houses in community group

9. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Increased food production permitted time to engage in other activities such as:
Rulers - to stabilize community life land ownership
- to complete work
- organize work force
- beginnings of a class society
supervisors
foremen
workers - artisans
Artisans - considered to be the first engineers

10. The Beginnings of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Early Achievements in this Era
Methods of producing fire at will
Melting certain rocklike materials to produce copper and bronze tools
Development of a system of symbols for written communications

11. Early Achievements in this Era
From around 3000 BC, the pace of development quickened. After simple tools came the development of wedges, wheels and levers, the use of animals to carry and draw loads and of fire to work metals, the digging of irrigation canals, and open-pit mining.
Geographically, these and many other developments took place in and around the Mediterranean, in the Middle East and in Asia Minor. Pyramids were erected in the Nile Valley.

12. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Major Engineering Projects or Inventions
Irrigation systems to promote crop growth
Animal-, water-, and wind-driven gristmills
The wheel and axle
Plow
Yoke

13. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
History of Engineering
Principles of EngineeringTM
Unit 1 - Lesson 1.1 – Engineers as Problem Solvers
The Beginning of Engineering: B.C.
Mesopotamia “cradle of civilization”
Clay tile material used for permanent documentation
Clay tablets unearthed which show:
maps of caravan routes including mountains, cities and water
city plans
irrigation systems
water supply systems
road maps (networks)
Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Copyright 2007

14. The Beginning of Engineering: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
Outstanding contributions of mathematics
Sexagesimal system
divided circle into 360 degrees
hour into 60 minutes
minute into 60 seconds

15. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Babylonian engineers:
Familiar with basic arithmetic and algebra computing areas and volumes of land excavations.
Number system based on 60 instead of 10.
Buildings were constructed using basic engineering principles still used today.
Primitive arches used in hydraulic works.
Bridges were built with stone piers carrying wooden stringers.
Roads were surfaced with a naturally occurring asphalt, a construction system not used again until the nineteenth century.

16. Engineering in Early Civilizations:3000 -600 B.C.
Egyptian Engineers
Pyramid Age B.C and lasts 1000 years
2,300,000 building stones (2.5 tons each) used to build the Great Pyramid of Cheops
Outstanding examples of engineering skills in land measurement and building layout -transit and level
Irrigation systems

17. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Had its origin in Egypt
Better known for the intensive development of borrowed ideas than for creativity and invention
Famous for outstanding philosophers:
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical scientist) and Archimedes (mathematics)

18. Science of the Greeks and Romans: 600 B.C. - 400 A.D.
Engineering in Greece:
Use of ideas was retarded because of the belief that verification and experimentation, which required manual labor, were only fit for slaves.
Archimedes water screw
Crossbow
Catapult

19. Roman Engineering
Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering knowledge from the conquered countries for use in warfare and in their public works
Superior in the application of ideas and techniques
Hero’s Inventions:
Gear driven odometer on chariot
Steam turbine
Hydraulic clock
Fire engine

20. Roman Engineering
Roman road systems- subbase, compact base, topcoat 180,000 miles
Aqueducts for water supply
Sanitary systems
Engineering principles applies to military tactics

21. Engineering in the Middle Ages: 1st to 16th Centuries
Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but was it?
The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or devise”
Animals and waterwheels began to replace humans as the power source (the growth of Christianity, an aversion to slaves as a primary source of power)
Arabs were developing paper making, chemistry, and optics
Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume distilling became part of the culture
Chinese were developing clocks, astronomical instruments, the loom and spinning wheel, and gunpowder

22. Johann Gutenburg - movable type produced the first books printed on paper
Leonardo da Vinci - acclaimed as a great artist, was also an engineer, inventor and architect
Military and civil engineering feats such as catapults bridges and buildings
Sketches of future engineering devices such as:
Machine Gun Helicopter Drawbridge
Breach-loading Cannon Roller Bearings Universal Joint
Tanks

23. STOP

24. The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries
Galileo Discovers:
Gravitational acceleration- velocity a body achieves while falling, is independent of weight
Earth moves around the sun
Torricelli and Pascal Discovers:
hydrostatics and dynamics develop the barometer
Boyle Discovers:
expansion quality of air and the correlation between temperature, volume, and pressure

25. Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion
Hooke Discovers:
material lengthens in proportion to the force exerted on it, up to the elastic limit, and in compression it shortens in a similar fashion
Huygens develops
spiral watch spring and the pendulum clock and measures gravitational acceleration
Newton who is famous for his three basic laws of motion
developed differential calculus, essential to mathematical analysis of most physical systems

26. The Revival of Science: 17th and 18th Centuries
The Developing Industrial Age
James Watt - steam engine for textile mills, iron furnaces, rolling mills and other industries
Hargreaves, Crampton, and Jurgen develops the spinning and weaving machinery
Pieter van Musschenbroek develops a device to hold a static electrical charge, now called the leyden jar forerunner to the capacitor
Luigi Galvani- principles of electrical conduction
Alessandro Volta - principles of the electric battery

27. STOP

28. Beginnings of Modern Science: 19th Century
Andre-Marie Ampere confirms the flow of electrical current, leading to the science of electrodynamics
Michael Faraday found the means to generate electricity by moving a conductor through a magnetic field
Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the transmission of electric signals through space; Marconi was awarded a patent for the same achievement a year later
Henry Cort develops a method of refining iron
James Watt refines and produces an efficient steam engine
At last good iron for machines and power plants to operate the machinery

29. 20th Century Technology
Henry Ford - Builds and sells automobiles and mass production emerges
Thomas Edison and Lee DeForest develop electrical equipment and electron tubes which starts the widespread use of power systems and communication networks
Nikola Tesla introduces the first practical application of alternating current, the polyphase induction motor
Orville & Wilbur Wright develop powered aircraft
Wallace Carothers leads a team of organic chemists and chemical engineer researchers at duPont to develop NYLON the first of many “synthetic fibers”. The beginnings of polymer research

30. Using Albert Einstein's model “E=mc2 scientists from Europe and the United States at the University of Chicago produce the first nuclear pile. The age of controlled nuclear reaction begins.
John Brainerd , at the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Engineering develop the first computer called the “ENIAC”. It weighted over 30 tons and occupied over 1500 square feet.
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, at Bellies, discovered that current changes in one part of a diode caused current changes in another part of a diode and create the transistor.

31. 20th Century Technology
Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor discovers that the transistor’s silicon crystal could be made to be its own circuit board. “transistors - the switch that controls the world”
Pratt & Whitney develop turbojet engines
Boeing Airplane Company develop the Boeing 707 capable of transporting 180 passangers at speeds of 600 mph
Theodore Maiman produces the first working laser which has mushroomed to encompass surgeons, transmit telephone calls, track storms, to checkout in supermarkets, to weld steel, to cut fabric and to produce holograms

32. And the list goes ON AND ON AND
20th Century Technology
Communication Satellites - now handle more than half of all transoceanic telephone, television and audio network program distribution
And the list goes ON AND ON
AND