1. Problems, Issues, and Interpretations
Post Civil War America
Problems, Issues, and Interpretations

2. DBQ
In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between the years 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution?
Use the documents and your knowledge of the period from 1860 to 1877 to answer the question.

3. The Nature of Change What is change?
“to make the form, nature, content, future course, etc., of (something) different from what it is or from what it would be if left alone”
“Action and reaction, ebb and flow, trial and error, change - this is the rhythm of living. Out of our over-confidence, fear; out of our fear, clearer vision, fresh hope. And out of hope, progress.” --Bruce Barton

4. Types of Change Change/Time Revolutionary Dramatic
Significant or Substantial
Moderate
Insignificant
Reactionary
Agents of Change
Person
Deed
Event
War
Law
Group
Government

5. Reconstruction: Constitutional Changes
Formal Changes: Amendments
13th amendment
14th amendment
15th amendment
Informal Changes:
Laws
Policies
Executive Orders
Policies and Practices

6. DBQ: Constitutional Changes
During the Civil War, Congress passed
Morrill Act of 1862 (college)
Homestead Act of 1862 (160 acres farms, ineffective)
Conscription Act of (register 20-45)
Pacific Railway Act of (aid for railroad/telegraph)
National Banking Act of (currencies backed by bank of U.S. Treasury)
Executive Naval Order No. 4: Emancipation Proclamation
“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever, free; and the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of any such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”
Morrill Act of 1862: Land Grant College Act
Homestead Act of 1862: 160 acres of surveyed government land; ineffective in the 1800s due to lack of money to actually build farms on the land and maintain livestock
Conscription Act of 1862: registration between 20-45; WWI, WWII, Korean War, Vietnam War
Pacific Railway Act of 1862: Aid is railroad and telegraph from Missouri to Pacific Ocean through government bonds and grants of land
National Banking Act of 1863: U.S. National Banking System; national currencies backed by bank holding of U.S. Treasury securities

7. Reconstruction Lincoln/Johnson 1863 10% of voter take loyalty oath
Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln/Johnson 1863
10% of voter take loyalty oath
Full Presidential Pardons
Accept 13th amendment
States form new governments
Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas complied

8. 1865-66 Johnson Reconstruction
White Supremacist who had fought for the Union, not liberation of slaves
10% Plan
Loss of right to vote and hold office of all former leaders and officeholders of the Confederacy
Confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property
Power to grand presidential pardons, which he used frequently

9. Southern Governments
By 1865 all ex-Confederate states drew up constitutions that ratified the 13th amendment but failed to extend voting rights
Held many seats in Congress
Johnson vetoed legislation that provided equal right for A.A.
Black Codes:
Prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land
Placed freedmen into semi bondage by forcing them to sign work contracts
Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

10. Congressional Reconstruction
Response to passage of the “black codes” Response to lenient approach to reconciliation by Presidents Lincoln and Johnson Response to new Democratic state governments Response to anti-black riot and violence Response to the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan Reading

11. Congressional Reconstruction
Wade- Davis Bill1864: 50%/Pocket Vetoed by Lincoln
Freedmen’s Bureau
Food, shelter, medical aid, resettlement education
Jonson pardons confederate land owners
Civil Rights Act 1866
All A.A. to be U.S. citizens
Fight Black Codes
Ratify 14th Amendment
Equal protection!
Force (KKK) Acts
Uphold 14th Amendment
Reconstruction Act of 1867:
South under Military Occupation
Adopt 14th Amendment for readmission to Union
Impeachment of Johnson
Tenure of Office Act
Pres. can’t remove fed. official w/out consent of Congress
Wade-Davis Bill: 50% loyalty oath/non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution
Freedmen’s Bureau: provides food, shelter, and medical aid to both blacks and homeless whites; Johnson pardons Confederate land owners
Civil Rights Bill: All A.A. to be U.S. citizens/Fight Black Codes

12. Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and States wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law, which shall abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
Makes the Bill of Rights applicable to the STATES!

13. Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
“The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Civil Rights Act of 1875: guaranteed equal accommodations in public places; poorly enforced for fear of losing white votes in the North

14. Black Reconstruction: A Social Revolution?
Economic Opportunity
Only 5% own land
Sharecropping became new form of servitude
Employment
Entrepreneurship
Education
Establish schools/even colleges
Enter professions
Establish own institutions: churches and families
Rights of Americans
Reading
A Freedmen’s School

15. Southern Resistance
In what ways did Southerners resist the Constitutional and social changes? Was this resistance effective?
Questions and Answers Reading
3:30
5:30

16. Compromise of 1877 Disputed Election of 1877 Informal Compromise
Tilden (Dem) and Hayes (Rep)
185 electoral votes needed to win
Hayes has 165; Tilden has 184
20 votes are in dispute from South Carolina (7), Florida (4), Louisiana (8), and Oregon (1)
Bipartisan Commission established to settle election: 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats
Hayes declared winner
Remove Federal troops from the South
Assist in the construction of a Southern transcontinental railroad
Ignore the 14th amendment
Help South industrialize
S.C. struck down Reconstruction laws that protected blacks

17. Themes for Reconstruction
With your partner, create a list of themes during the years of

18. Summary of Documents
Document Information
Document Inferences

19. DBQ Read the question carefully Analyze each of the documents
Write a Thesis Statement
Provide a list of Evidence to support Thesis
Determine the documents you will incorporate into your essay and where they fit (Must use all or all but one document)
Write Essay! 5-7 pages typed!

20. Thesis Statement/Claims
1st Topic Sentence or Claim/3 pieces of evidence
2nd Topic Sentence or Claim/3 pieces of evidence
3rd Topic Sentence or Claim/3 pieces of evidence
Conclusion