1. Civil Rights Movement
Overview

2. Brown vs. Board of Education
Who was involved?
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Thurgood Marshall
Linda Brown
What Happened?
Brown denied admission to white school nearby
Told to go to black school across town
Family and NAACP sue Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
Case goes to Supreme Court
1954 ruling: Segregation in public schools is unconstitutional

3. Brown vs. Board of Education
Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Established that separate facilities are inherently unequal
African American race is NOT inferior
Desegregation and integration of public schools
Southern resistance spurs further events in the Civil Rights Movement
Encourages activism

4. Montgomery Bus Boycott
Who was involved?
Martin Luther King Jr.
What Happened?
MLK leads nonviolent boycott of Montgomery buses in honor of Rosa Parks’ refusal to sit in the back of the bus.
People organized car pools or walked to work rather than use public buses
Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Moved CRM from court cases to protests, boycotts, and demonstrations
Challenged segregation on buses as unconstitutional
MLK joins the CRM

5. Little Rock School Crisis
Who was involved?
Little Rock Nine
Governor Orval Faubus
Arkansas National Guard
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
101st Airborne Division
What Happened?
Gov. Faubus refused to integrate Central High School in Little Rock, AR
Sent AR National Guard to block nine African American students from entering the school; white mob joins
Eisenhower sends 101st Airborne to protect the African American students from the mob and escort them to school for the year

6. Little Rock School Crisis
Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Enforced public school integration
Upheld Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board against segregation
Gave hope to African Americans

7. Sit-In Movement Who was involved? What Happened? Joseph McNeil
Ezell Blair Jr.
David Richmond
Franklin McCain
What Happened?
4 African American students sat at the lunch counter of a Woolworth’s in Greensboro, NC
Owner refused to serve them
Taunted, food and drinks poured on them, beaten, kicked, burned with cigarettes and coffee
Sit-Ins spread to other cities

8. Sit-In Movement Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Brought college students into the CRM
Encouraged peaceful, nonviolent protest
Showed nonviolent protests could work
Established Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

9. Freedom Riders Who was involved? What Happened? James Farmer
Sheriff Bull Connor
What Happened?
African Americans and whites rode interstate buses to draw attention to integration
Riders were attacked by angry whites
Firebombs
Rocks
Chains
Lead Pipes
Bull Connor order the KKK to attack riders

10. Freedom Riders Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
President Kennedy felt compelled to do something about violence towards African Americans
CRM gets national attention
Increased risks to protesters

11. Violence in Birmingham
Who was involved?
Martin Luther King Jr.
President John F. Kennedy
Mayor Bull Connor
What Happened?
Nonviolent protesters demonstrate in Birmingham, AL
MLK jailed
Connor orders police to use clubs, police dogs, and fire hoses on the protesters

12. Violence in Birmingham
Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Kennedy prepared a Civil Rights bill
MLK defended nonviolent protest (Letter from Birmingham Jail)
Americans outraged by violence
CRM gets more national attention

13. March on Washington Who was involved? What Happened?
MLK
A Philip Randolph
What Happened?
200,000 demonstrators march to the Lincoln Memorial
Speeches, hymns, songs
“I Have a Dream” speech
Impact on the Civil Rights Movement
Built support for the Civil Rights bill
Encouraged peaceful demonstrations

14. Selma March Who was involved? What Happened? MLK
SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
SNCC
Jim Clark
What Happened?
March from Selma to Montgomery, AL for voting rights
Stopped at bridge outside of Selma
Jim Clark orders demonstrators to disperse
Demonstrators knelt in prayer
Clark ordered an attack by 200 state troopers and armed citizens
70 African Americans hospitalized and injured

15. Selma March National attention to violence against African Americans
President Lyndon B. Johnson proposes voting rights law