1. Fetal development

2. From Conception to Birth
Period of the Zygote
Period of the Embryo
Period of the Fetus

3. Period of the Zygote
Begins when egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube.
Period of rapid cell division
Ends 2 weeks later when the zygote is implanted in the wall of the uterus

4. Period of the Zygote

5. Period of the Embryo From 3 to 8 weeks after conception
Body parts are formed during this period
Umbilical cord joins embryo to placenta

6. Period of the Fetus From 9 weeks after conception to birth
Age of viability: 22 to 28 weeks
(depend up on the country policy& wt. of the fetus)

7. Fetal development organ system develop from the 3 primary germ layers

9. First 8 weeks*

10. 12 – 24 weeks

11. 4 months

12. 20 weeks
A protective coating called vernix caseosa begins to form on baby's skin. By the end of this month, your baby will be nearly 8 inches long and weigh almost a pound.

13. weeks

14. Cardiovascular System
Is the first system to function
Blood vessels formation begins early in the 3rd week.
Heart cell starts to beat by the end of the 3rd week.

15. Fetal Circulation

16. Systems development Respiratory system Hematopoietic System
Formation of RBCs starts at 3 weeks in yolk sac, then in liver at 6 weeks, then in spleen, lymph nodes, & bone marrow.
Respiratory system
Fetal lungs don’t function until after delivery
Production of surfactant starts at 24 weeks.

17. Systems development Renal system Neurologic System
kidneys appear in the 5th week. Urine is excreted into and mixes with the amniotic fluid
Neurologic System
Start to develop from ectoderm at week 3
Continue to develop after birth
Affected by maternal anemia and nutrition and other factors (disease, trauma)

18. Gastrointestinal system
forms during the 4th week
fetus begins to swallow amniotic fluid during second trimester.
Receives nutrients from mother.
Secretes his own insulin and synthesize glycogen.
Meconium: is a sterile, dark greenish brown, semisolid residue of bile and embryonic secretions plus cellular waste (epithelial tissue) and hair swallowed in utero.
presence of meconium in amniotic fluid before delivery usually indicates fetal hypoxia

19. Hepatic system begins to function around 4th week
Hematopoiesis starts at about the 6th week
Metabolic and glycogen store organ, secretes bile.
Full liver function is not achieved well until after delivery

20. Endocrine system
The fetal adrenal cortex produces cortisol, which may be important in the initiation of labor.
The thyroid gland develops by the 4th week, it can synthesize thyroxin.
Island of Langerhans are developed by the 12th week, and insulin can be extracted from the pancreas by week 20.

21. Reproductive system
By the end of the 9th week, male and female external genitalia appear somewhat similar. At the 12th week, the external genitalia are well developed enough to be easily distinguished.
The fetal ovary has many primordial follicles and produces small but increasing amounts of estrogen.
Withdrawal bleeding follows rapid drop of maternal estrogen following birth.
Estrogen passed to fetus causes enlargement of breast in both male and female infants

22. Musculoskeletal system
Bones and muscles are developed from mesoderm by 4th week. Muscle contract spontaneously by 7th week.
Integumentary system
Skin derives from ectoderm at 4th week. By 16th week, hand and foot prints are formed. Lanugo hair appears at 12 week on the eye brows and upper lip and covers the body by 20th week.
Immunologic system
During third trimester, albumin and globulin are present in the fetus. The only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta is IgG (passive acquired immunity). The fetus produces IgM by the end of first trimester. IgA is not produced by the fetus, but it is gained from colostrums.

23. Factors affect fetal Development
General Risk Factors
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
Torch infections

24. General Risk Factors
Nutrition: adequate amount of food, protein, vitamins, & minerals
Stress: decreases oxygen to fetus and weakens mother’s immune system
Mother’s Age: neither too young, nor too old

25. TORCH INFECTIONS
TORCH infections are a group of agents that can infect
the fetus or newborn. These include Toxoplasmosis,
Other infections, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, and the
Herpes simplex virus.
Nursing Role
At the initial prenatal visit, the nurse performs an
assessment that includes careful consideration of cultural,
emotional, physical, and physiological factors that may
signal a need for genetics counseling and comprehensive
fetal evaluation.

26. Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards
Many diseases pass through the placenta directly and attack the fetus
Potentially dangerous drugs not limited to cocaine but include alcohol and caffeine
Environmental hazards are treacherous because we’re often unaware of their presence

27. Effects of Teratogens

28. Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis: ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling can detect physical deformities and genetic disorders.

29. Prenatal Diagnosis Amniocentesis late Dx
Chorionic Villus Sampling early Dx

30. Multifetal Pregnancy
Monozygotic (identical) twins develop from one fertilized oocyte (zygote) that divides into equal halves during an early cleavage phase (series of mitotic cell divisions) of Development. This type of twinning occurs in approximately 1 of 250 live births (Benirschke, 2004). Monozygotic twins are genetically identical, always the same gender, and very similar in physical appearance

31. Dizygotic (fraternal) twins develop from two zygotes
and may be the same or different genders. Dizygotic twins are no more genetically similar than other siblings born to the same parents
Triplets may result from the division of a single zygote into three
zygotes (one original fertilized egg), or from the division of one zygote (identical twins are formed) plus another zygote (a total of two original fertilized eggs), or from three different zygotes (a total of three original

32. Happy Birthday!!!
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