1. The collapse of the ottoman empire

2. The Ottoman Empire and china
Like China, the Islamic world was a successful civilization
Like China, they looked down on Europeans
The “infidels” or “barbarians”
Like China, they clashed violently with the West in the 19th century.

3. Unlike china . . . Ottoman Empire bordered Europe
It governed parts of Europe
The Balkans
A military and religious threat to Europe

4. Precarious sovereignty
Neither the Ottomans nor the Chinese fell under direct colonial rule.
Both were diminished by European aggression
Both tried to modernize to preserve their independence
Both experienced internal divisions
Traditionalists vs. modernizers

5. Ottoman Empire in 1750 The dominant power in the Islamic world.
“The strong sword of Islam.”
A very large empire
Incorporated millions of Christians
The Sultan – leader of the Islamic World
Defender of the Holy Cities
Protector of Pilgrims – Mecca
Successor to the Prophet Muhammad

6. Ottoman Empire in 1900 The Sick Man of Europe”
No longer an equal to Europe
No longer able to prevent the spread of Christianity
India, Indonesia, West Africa, Central Asia

7. The shrinking ottoman empire
Russia, Britain, Austria, France take chunks of the empire
Napoleon takes Egypt
Later Egypt became virtually independent
Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania win independence
Nationalism

8. Ottoman Central state grows weaker
It had trouble raising revenue from its provinces
It had a growing debt (to Europeans) – bankruptcy
It’s military was no longer a great fighting force
It’s weaponry inferior to that of the West
Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r )

9. How did the ottomans lose economic power?
❶ Europeans achieved direct oceanic access to Asia ❷ Cheap European manufactured goods flooded Ottoman markets ❸ Unequal and bad trade agreements

10. Modernization Leaders try “defensive modernization”
Reorganize and update the army
Using European advisers and techniques.
Late 18th century
Traditionalists strongly object to these reforms
Religious and institutional grounds
Traditionalists prevent their implementation

11. Modernization and westernization
Mid 19th century
Opened factories to produce cloth, paper, and armaments
Modernized mining operations
Reclaimed and resettled agricultural land
Modernized communication and transportation networks
Telegraphs, steamships, and railroads
Established a modern postal service
Adopted western-style law codes and courts
Opened new elementary and secondary schools

12. Reforms challenge Islamic character
Non-Muslims were given equal rights Christians appointed to high office. Secular laws were enacted Secular schools were opened Women gained some access to education Women played active role in cultural events

13. The young ottomans
“Young Ottomans” leading supporters of reform Many had modern Western-style education A new class that emerged from the tanzimat itself ❦ lower-level officials ❦ military officers ❦ writers, poets, and journalists Namık Kemal (1840–1888)

14. The young ottomans I Islamic Modernism
Islamic Modernism Limiting the power of the Sultan Parliamentary and constitutional regimes Muslims must embrace science and technology Rejecting materialism 1876 – Sultan accepts constitution & parliament 1877 – 78 – Russo-Turkish War Sultan suspends reforms Sultan reverts to old style despotic rule
Ibrahim Şinasi (1826–1871)

15. The Young Turks
Military and civilian elites Opposition of Sultan’s despotism Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state. Advocate modernization Abandon references to Islam Advocate a militantly secular public life seize power in a military coup Secularization schools, courts, and law codes Democratic, multi-party elections Turkish as the official language of the empire

16. World War I Turkish nationalism antagonized non-Turkic peoples
Great Britain exploits Arab nationalism
T.E. Lawrence
World War I went badly for the Ottoman empire
Invaded by European powers
A revolt by the Arabs
1918, Ottoman empire essentially dead

17. Post World War I
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk takes power (1923) “The father of modern Turkey” An ultra-nationalist Turkish leader Establishes a purely Turkish state. Modernizing, secularizing, and westernizing