1. SPS6. Students will investigate the properties of solutions.
a. Describe solutions in terms of
-solute/solvent
-conductivity
-concentration
b. Observe factors affecting the rate a solute dissolves in a specific solvent.
c. Demonstrate that solubility is related to temperature by constructing a solubility curve.
d. Compare and contrast the components and properties of acids and bases.
e. Determine whether common household substances are acidic, basic, or neutral.

2. Solution – a mixture of two or more substances
Solutions
Solution – a mixture of two or more substances

3. Solute Solvent The substance to be dissolved.
The one doing the dissolving.

4. Example: Salt Water
Solution: Salt Water
Solute: Salt
Solvent: Water

5. VOCAB
Solubility: the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent
Solubility Curve: graph that expresses solubility vs. temperature

6. How much NaNO3 can be dissolved at 50°C?

7. Factors Affecting Solubility
Particle size: smaller particles are more soluble
Temperature: many solids substances become more soluble as the temp of a solvent increases; however, gases are less soluble in liquids at higher temps.
Agitation: Increases the solubility of the solution

8. VOCAB
Concentration: a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume of solvent

9. MORE VOCAB
Saturated solution: any solution that contains all the solute it can hold (can no longer dissolve anymore) Unsaturated: any solution that can dissolve more solute Supersaturated: any solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution

10. pH Scale pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral.
Pure water has a pH of 7.

11. Definition of pH:
Concentration of hydronium ions in solution

12. ACIDS pH below 7 A solution with a pH of 0 is the most acidic.
Excess H+ ions
Strong Acid = Strong Conductor
Corrosive
Turn blue litmus paper red
Ex. Coffee, soda, fruit, sour candies

13. Bases (alkalis) pH above 7
A solution with a pH of 14 is the most basic
Excess OH- ions
Strong base = strong conductor
Slippery
Turn red litmus paper blue
Ex. Soap, cleaning products

14. Neutralization Reaction
Chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react in a water solution
i. Not acidic or basic so pH is 7
Equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions

15. Flashcard VOCAB Words pH Acid Base Neutralization Reaction Solution
Solute
Solvent
Solubility
Concentration
Saturated Solution
Unsaturated Solution
Supersaturated Solution pH
Acid
Base
Neutralization Reaction

16. SPS7. Students will relate transformations and flow of energy within a system.
a. Identify energy transformations within a system (e.g. lighting of a match).
b. Investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy changes in terms of conduction, convection, and radiation.
c. Determine the heat capacity of a substance using mass, specific heat, and temperature.
d. Explain the flow of energy in phase changes through the use of a phase diagram.

17. Types of Energy Potential Energy: Stored Kinetic Energy: Movement
Chemical Energy: Chemical Bonds
Electrical Energy: Charged Ions
Other types: thermal (heat), light, wind, etc.

18. Three Examples of Energy Transformations
Swing Set/Pendulum
Potential to Kinetic to Potential
Lighting a Match
Chemical to light to heat
A remote control
Chemical to electrical

19. Thermal Energy: 3 Types Conduction: touch Convection: fluid
Radiation: electromagnetic waves (ex sun)

20. Heat Capacity
Amount of thermal energy needed to raise 1kg of that material 1°C
The higher the heat capacity, the more energy needed to raise the temperature

21. Calculating Heat Capacity
Q = mΔTC OR Q = m (Tf-Ti)C
Q = Heat (Joules)
m = Mass (grams or kg)
T = Temperature (°C)
C = Heat Capacity (J/Kg°C)

22. Example Problem
How much heat is gained when 114.3g of water at 14.8°C is raised to 18.0°C? (Cwater =4.18 J/kg°C)

23. Phase Changes Gas  Liquid : Condensation Liquid  Solid : Freezing
Exothermic (losing heat)
Endothermic (gaining heat)
Gas  Liquid : Condensation
Liquid  Solid : Freezing
Gas  Solid : Deposition
Solid  Liquid : Melting
Liquid  Gas : Vaporization
Solid  Gas : Sublimation

24. Phase Change Graph

25. Flashcard VOCAB Words Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat Capacity
Melting
Freezing
Vaporization
Deposition
Sublimation
Condensation
Exothermic
Endothermic