1. FDR AND NEUTRALITY To War
ON THE ROAD TO WWII
FDR AND NEUTRALITY
To War

2. Locarno Pact (1925)
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

3. Japan on the Move September, 1931 Japan invades Manchuria
League of Nations ineffective against aggression, but passed a resolution condeming Japan’s actions demanding return of Manchuria to China
Japan leaves League of Nations

4. How does this Effect the U.S.
Violation of open door policy in China
Secretary of State Henry Stimson refused to recognize newly claimed territory and refused Nine-power Treaty obligations
What is the Nine-power Treaty (1922)?

5. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932)
US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force.
Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier.
Japan bombed Shanghai in  massive casualties.

6. LONDON CONFERENCE 1933 Intended to alleviate global depression
Ends in Chaos
U.S. citizens are more convinced than ever that we should remain isolationist

7. Good Neighbor Policy
Wanted to secure Latin America without spending any further U.S. funds – Great Depression
Platt Amendment nullified 1934 U.S. retains Guantanamo Bay
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act – Tariffs reduced up to 50% - Will lead to free trade agreements after WWII

8. Tydings-McDuffy Act 1934
U.S. wants to divest themselves of areas accumulating debt during the depression
Philippines will become sovereign nation in 1946
U.S. will keep naval bases for refueling station and end army occupation bases
This leaves the Pacific open to Japanese aggression

9. Fascism Italy – Benito Mussolini Germany – Adolf Hitler
Spain – Francisco Franco

10. Fascist Aggression
1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.
1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.
1938: Austrian Anschluss Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT!
1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.
September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

11. The American “Lincoln Brigade”
Spanish Civil War ( )
The American “Lincoln Brigade”

12. Japan Becomes an Imperial Power
Becomes a militaristic nation with weak ruler of Hirohito
General Tojo leads and increases the size of the military
1937 U.S. continues aid (arms) to China even after the Japanese invasion. This is due to nonrecognition of Japanese held territories
Quarantine Speech

14. Panay Incident (1937) December 12, 1937.
Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River.
The river was an international waterway.
Japan was testing US resolve!
Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.
Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.
Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

15. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]
Ludlow Amendment (1938)
A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress.
Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.
Never actually passed.
Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

16. Neutrality Acts
1935 – Authorized President to prohibit sale of arms and outlawed U.S. travel on ships of belligerent nations
1936 – No loans or credit to belligerent nations
1937 – Forbade shipment of arms to opposing sides in Spanish Civil War

17. 1939 Neutrality Act In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.
FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:
The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.
FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.
Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:
Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.
The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the recession.
America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

18. Churchill and Roosevelt
Cash and Carry
Lend Lease Act

19. Lend Lease Act
U.S. will sell, exchange, or lease arms to any country whose defense appeared vital to U.S. Security
Passed by Congress March, 1941
Made Great Britain the first beneficiary of massive Aid

20. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941)
Great Britain $31 billion Soviet Union $11 billion France $ 3 billion China $1.5 billion Other European $500 million South America $400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

21. “America First” Committee
Charles Lindbergh

22. Shoot On Sight 1941 U.S. is transporting goods to England
U.S. Consulates are closed by order of FDR
U.S. ships ordered to shoot any Nazi vessels in U.S. “defensive waters” on sight

23. Atlantic Charter

24. Atlantic Charter
August, 1941 Roosevelt meets secretly with Churchill off Newfoundland to map military strategy and declare “common principles”
Outcome – All people have the right to live in freedom from fear, want, and tyranny
Presented January, 1941 in his State of the Union Address
Also called “free trade” among all nations ended territorial seizures

25. Pearl Harbor

26. A Day that will live in infamy

27. Europe First

28. Paying for the War

29. Office of Price Administration
Anti-Inflation Act – freeze on price, salaries, and rent
Ration Cards for everything

30. North Africa

31. Paying for the War U.S. spends in excess of 321 Billion
National debt rose to 259 Billion
Sale of War Bonds
Income Tax becomes a reality for all with the Revenue Act of 1942
Payroll withholding of income taxes begins

32. Stalingrad

33. D-Day - Normandy

34. Operation Overlord

35. Liberation of Paris

36. Battle of the Bulge

37. Battle of Berlin

38. Yalta Conference
Stalin promises free and independent elections in Poland
Stalin promises to help U.S. in fight against Japan once Hitler is overthrown
FDR, Churchill and Stalin divide up Germany and Berlin – it is only a question of time when Germany will fall

39. Island Hopping

40. Pacific Theater of Operations

41. “Tokyo Rose”

42. Manhattan Project Robert J Oppenheimer led the project
Building of atomic bomb became crucial as war progressed
Einstein refused leadership or interest in atomic energy
Operated under secrecy
Moved to Los Almos, New Mexico

43. IWO JIMA

44. Little Boy and Fat Man

45. Potsdam Conference
Roosevelt dies and is replaced by Harry (give em Hell Harry) Truman, Atlee and Churchill, (awaiting outcome of general election) and Stalin meet to determine punishment for Germany
Truman warns Japan to give up or “life as you know it will cease to exist.”
Truman does not trust Stalin and does not tell him about atomic bomb capabilities

46. V-J Day