1. and Ideas during the 1920’s-30s
Rise of New Leaders
and Ideas during the 1920’s-30s

2. Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Who Would You Vote For?
Contestant #1 I am a womanizer, have self-interested policies and unfortunately suffer from ailing health.
Contestant #2 I have a drinking habit and a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3 I am a decorated war hero, do not drink and want to create a stable economy

3. Who Did You Vote For?
Contestant #3
Contestant #2
Contestant #1

4. Where do you stand?

5. What is your score? Now- think about:
What is more important, individual rights or rights of the nation as a whole?
In times of crisis, how much control should be given to the police and military in a country?
Who should control the media (government or corporations)?
Can a government that has only one leader be effective?

6. Totalitarianism
Summarize in your notes by listing 3-4 of the factors below:
Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political, military, economy, social, cultural)
Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
Strict controls and laws
Military state (secret police, army, military)
Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
One leader (dictator); charismatic
Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
Terror and Fear

7. Totalitarianism
When would it be useful?

8. Great Depression during 1930s Total Control of State by a Dictator
Black Tuesday stock market crashes
Treaty of Versailles
Great Depression during 1930s
Totalitarianism
Increasing influence of new political parties that emphasize state control -For example: Communism, Nazism, Fascism
Total Control of State by a Dictator

9. Nazism Fascism Communism
Totalitarianism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour

10. Communism
I am Vladimir Lenin, I led the Bolshevik/Communist Revolution of Russia and was the leader of the Soviet Union from
What is Communism?
LEFT WING
based on theory by Karl Marx
revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”
state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)
promised to get rid of the unfair class system and brought people “peace, land, and bread”.

11. Communism
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from
What is Communism?
Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism
Helped to fix Russia’s economic problems, lack of industry, and low agricultural output
Was responsible for killing millions in order to keep control, better Russia, and fix the economy

12. Five Year Plans (1928-32, 1933-37) 5 year plans
High quotas to increase steel, coal, oil & electricity
It worked, industrial output skyrocketed
But government limited production of consumer goods to meet quotas
= Shortages in housing, food, clothing

13. Another solution… Collective Farming
USSR seized 25 million farms
Combined them into collective farms
100’s of families were living in one large farm
No privacy, easier for government to control
5-10 million died
Kulaks (wealthy peasants) resisted (They were executed)

14. Communism
I am Mao Zedong, leader of the People’s Republic of China from , but I started leading the Communist Party in China in How was Communism used in China?
Mao led the Communists in the Civil War against the Nationalists
Tactics used:
Sent opposition to labor camps
Long March
5 Year Plans to get China up with industry/agriculture
Government sponsored education with communist teachings
Focused on a peasant revolt NOT a worker revolt (different than Marxism)

15. Fascism

16. Fascism
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism? RIGHT WING
intense nationalism and elitism
totalitarian control
interests of the state more important than individual rights
maintain class system and private ownership
grew up in a communist family but founded the Fascist party in 1919
In 1922 led the March on Rome to seize the power from King Victor Emmanuel
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax

17. Fascism I am Francisco Franco, leader of Spain from 1936-1975
How was Fascism used in Spain?
Spain was a monarchy but in 1931 a republic was established, run by socialist and liberals (called “Republicans”).
Spain was facing many problems, especially during the economic depression.
In 1936 a revolt began in favor of a fascist government, led by General Francisco Franco.
In 1939 Franco won the civil war and changed the government of Spain.

18. Japan’s ties to fascism Japan becomes an Imperial Power
1853: Matthew Perry forces the Japanese to open trade or face war
1868: Traditional government falls apart and the Meiji Era begins
Sends ½ of the government to learn from the Western world
They see Manchester (England) and realize the importance of Industrialization
½ stays in Japan
Invade Korea

19. A new constitution is formed
Japanese officials that were in the West learned about constitutions
Took ideas from the Prussian Constitution
Why was this not successful?
NEW Meiji Constitution
Emperor at the top
Military answers only to the emperor (and in future will help rule)
In the ’s Great Depression and Government Corruption lead to the military appointing a “Prime Minister” to rule with Emperor
’s all Prime Ministers are being assassinated so there is fear for a non-military prime minister to be in charge

20. Emperor Hirohito (Showa)
1926 Hirohito becomes the Emperor
Grandson of Meiji
Appoints Tojo as Prime Minister

21. Fascism I am Hideki Tojo, leader of Japan from 1937-1944
How was Fascism used in Japan?
Tojo believed in the Racial Superiority of the Japanese people, especially over the Chinese.
He was ultra-nationalistic as well as very militaristic.
He wanted to expand the Japanese empire throughout the Pacific Rim.
Believed: Invasion is necessary to spread culture and secure Japan’s superiority

22. Pan-Asianism
Unless culture made it all the way up to Japan, the Japanese did not believe it was really “Asian”

23. Weimar Republic in Germany
Post WWI government in Germany
Technically a republic with democratic ways
But…
Very weak
Unable to fix the economy
Make it worse by printing more money
Leaders that people do not support

24. Nazism
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from What is Nazism? extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian
based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party
belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”
belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe
Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them
Worked his way up through the government and gained the trust of the people until he was eventually named Chancellor in 1934

25. Mein Kampf Hitler’s goals/ideals:
Racial Purity
Aryans = “master race” those of Germanic decent, blond hair and blue eyes
non-Aryans = “inferior or subhuman races” = Jews, Slavs and Gypsies
Denouncement of the Versailles Treaty
Lebensraum:
living space, Hitler called for an invasion of Russia to allow the German race to grow
The twin evils:
Communism and Judaism, and he stated that his aim was to eradicate both from the face of the earth

26. Nazi Military State GESTAPO: the Secret State Police
SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps , an elite guard unit formed out of the SA
SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties
Lebensraum (living space): concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into east
Wehrmacht: German army
HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units

30. Hitler’s Nazism Mussolini’s Fascism
Italian system was not as ruthless or brutal as Germany’s
Mass atrocities
Anti-communist
Anti-democratic
Totalitarian
Wanted economic self-sufficiency
Intensely nationalistic
Glorified war
Cult of hero/leader
Became anti-Semitic in 1938 (Mussolini was emulating Hitler)
Anti-Semitic group from the start
Italy did not come near to self-sufficiency and never eliminated unemployment (it actually rose)
Nazi Party was efficient
No one in Germany could dismiss Hitler
Monarchy still remained in Italy (Mussolini ignored the king)