1. COS Standard 7
Describe causes, courses, and consequences of United States’ expansionism prior to the Civil War, including the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Louisiana Purchase, the Indian Removal Act, the Trail of Tears, Manifest Destiny, the Mexican War and Cession, Texas Independence, the acquisition of Oregon, the California Gold Rush, and the Western Trails.

2. Treaty of Paris 1783 ended American Revolution
France gets colonies in the Caribbean and Africa.
Spain gets Florida.
Britain must recognize the US as a new nation with the Mississippi River as its western border.

3. Land Ordinance of 1785 and 1787
1785: Old Northwest to be sold to pay for national debt
Sets up how towns should look
1787: determines how a territory becomes a state
Framework on how to govern territory
60,000 people must live in a territory before it can become a state
Bans slavery

4. Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe to meet Robert Livingston (a diplomat already in France).
instructed to buy New Orleans and as much land as they could get for $10 million
If negotiations failed, they were instructed to form an alliance with Britain. (France and Britain were at war.)
Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana to America.
Needed money: attempt to take over Europe was taking too long. (Sell to America instead of giving to England later, if take over failed)

5. Louisiana Purchase continued
Livingston started negotiations and told France he could buy the territory for $15 million.
Jefferson was startled by the news.
Is this legal? Did Jefferson have the authority to sign a treaty with another country that gives America land? NO
It didn’t matter. America wanted LAND!
Significance: doubles the size of the US
$0.03 an acre

6. Napoleon and Robert Livingston

7. Louisiana Purchase

8. Exploring Louisiana
Thomas Jefferson funded an expedition of the newly acquired land.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast.
Sacagawea was their guide.
The trip expanded the knowledge of the territory, as well as laid claim to the Oregon territory.

9. Lewis, Clark and Sacagawea

10. Indian Removal Act: gave funds to relocate the Native Americans.
Andrew Jackson supported the idea of moving all the Native Americans to the Great Plains.
Indian Removal Act: gave funds to relocate the Native Americans.

11. Trail of Tears
Jackson forcible removes the Native Americans on the Trail of Tears.
Approximately 1000 miles
The Cherokee Nation had to give up all its land east of the Mississippi River
Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickesaw, Seminole, Creek
Forced Relocation to mid-west (Modern day Oklahoma)
Smallpox, malaria, measles, cholera, pneumonia
“Nunna daul Isunyi”-Cherokee for- The trail where they cried
One fourth of all Indians die on this trip

12. Trail of Tears

13. Manifest Destiny John Louis O’Sullivan
The idea that God gave America to us and we should settle it from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Justified and inevitable
Helped fuel Western Settlement, Native American Removal, and war with Mexico

14. Acquisition of Oregon Territory
Britain and America both vie for Oregon.
Treaty of 1818
Why?
Americans do not want to settle in the Great Plains: thought it had poor farm land.
British Fur Traders
Missionaries settle Oregon to convert Native Americans.
James K. Polk runs for president.( )
In public his campaign slogan is “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.”
In private, Polk makes a deal with Britain to draw the boundary line at the 49 north latitude line.

15. Oregon and James K. Polk

16. California Gold Rush Starts in 1848, by 1849 the rush is on
Prior to 1848= <1,000
End of 1849= 100,000
Sacramento Valley
“Forty-Niners”
Need a government to maintain order, California applies for statehood.
Has enough people to skip the territory stage and immediately applies for statehood.
Free state
Compromise of 1850

17. Western Trails- Emigrant Trail
Oregon Trail – Independence Missouri
Donner Party
Winter Spent in the Sierra Nevada Mountains- Resorted to Cannibalism
Mormon Trail: Utah
Brigham Young
California Trail
Santa Fe Trail: New Mexico

18. Brigham Young and the Great Salt Lake Valley

19. Texas Independence Texas was part of Mexico.
Mexico opened Texas to Americans to settle.
At first, Americans agreed to be Mexican citizens, but did not want to adopt Mexican customs.
Fredonian Revolt-first attempt by white Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico
Haden Edwards attempted to take over Texas and rename it Fredonia. Stephen Austin stopped Edward’s revolt.
Event led to an increase in military presence in the area

21. Texas Independence
In 1830, Mexico closed its borders to American immigrants, banned slavery and discouraged trade with the US.
People in Texas were angered by the change in Mexico.
America attempts to talk Mexico to get them to reopen their borders.

22. Texas Independence continued
A convention was set up to separate Texas from Mexico. They wrote a constitution and sent Austin to negotiate with the Mexican government.
Negotiations failed. Austin wrote a letter suggesting Texas should organize their own state government. The letter Austin wrote was intercepted, he was arrested and jailed. When he was released from jail, Austin urged Texans to organize an army.
Meanwhile, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, president of Mexico, makes himself the dictator of Mexico.
Texas’s first victory was at Gonzales.
Sam Houston took command of the Texas army.

23. Battle of Gonzales
First military conflict in the Texas Revolution fought October 2, 1835
Battle sparked when the Texan settlers would not return a small cannon that the Mexican authorities had given them to use against attacks from local Comanche Native Indians

24. Battle of the Alamo Most famous battle in Texas Revolution
180 Americans led by William B. Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett
4,000 strong Mexican army led by General Santa Ana
Americans held off Mexican advances for 13 days before finally being defeated
“REMEMBER THE ALAMO”-Texas Independence rally cry

25. Alamo, Stephen Austin, Sam Houston and Santa Anna

26. Battle of San Jacinto
Final battle of the Texas Revolution fought April 21, 1836
Vince’s Bridge- wooden bridge that played important role
Destruction of bridge prevented Santa Anna’s army from receiving reinforcements
Santa Anna captured

27. The Goliad Massacre
March 27, Texan prisoners were executed by Mexican forces.
General Jose Urrea tried to convince Santa Anna not to kill all of these Texans
Santa Anna demanded execution anyway ordering the Texans to be shot and burned and left to the elements

28. Mexican War and Cession
When Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of California, President Polk sent troops to cross the Nueces River.
Nueces River(Mexico) vs. Rio Grande River (U.S.)
Mexico sees this as an invasion of their country. Mexico attacks. The Mexican War started.
John Slidell= U.S. Ambassador sent to negotiate with Mexico
Goals=
Settle Boundary Dispute with Mexico
Buy California and New Mexico

29. Nueces River, Zachary Taylor and John C. Fremont

30. Mexican War and Cession Con.
May 13th, California is declared a Republic
Zachary Taylor (Major General) and his troops attacked the Mexican army on four occasions and won.
Bear Flag Revolt
On June 14, 1846, the settlers in northern California declared independence from Mexico.
Despite the defeats in Mexico and California, the Mexican army refused to surrender.

32. Mexican War and Cession continued
Winfield Scott (Lieutenant General) replaced Zachary Taylor.
Scott captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847.
On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed ending the Mexican War.
Mexico gave up land in California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. Also, the new border of Texas became the Rio Grande.

33. Gadsden Purchase
Gadsden Purchase: Land in southern Arizona and New Mexico (Needed for Southern Transcontinental Railroad)
America agrees to pay Mexico $10 million and assume $3.5 million in Mexican debts.
Significance: opens land to American settlers.
The impact of Expansion on America: slavery became an issue.

34. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

35. Review Slide