1. Spanish Colonization of the Americas

2. Wealth, Power & Spread of Christianity

3. Technology
Caravels
Lateen Sails
Astrolabe improvements
Compass

4. Portuguese Colonize the east primarily Also the Canaries and Madeiras
Sugarcane – plantation economy
African Slave Trade
Later taken over by the Spanish

5. Christopher Columbus – (1492 – 1504)
Thought world was smaller than most believed – He was wrong
Queen Isabella supported him
Took four voyages
Reason to believe he knew he reached the new world

6. Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494
Pedro Cabral – Portuguese explorer who claimed Brazil for Portugal.

7. Exploration Aggressive explorers
Had to traverse jungles, deserts and mountains
Had few waterways to follow
Within a generation of Cortes, Spanish had fanned out through the continent.
Riches, lordship, fame and ambition lured conquistadores
The Spanish unlike the English and French, did not have great rivers and lakes to take them inland. Yet they will still explore significantly. The French do too, but you’ll notice that the English remain fairly self contained.

8. Hernan Cortes & Francisco Pizarro
Conquers Aztecs – 1521
Established estates in New World
Dies a wealthy man
Conquers Incas
How was he able to conquer so many with so few? – Used Native Americans against one another, but also Technology, Animals & Disease

9. Spanish Settlement
Towns become the core of Spanish dominion in the New World
Spanish estates located in towns (more civilized)
Families moved to New World from Spain
8 year minimum commitments
Conquistadores controlled land in countryside
They wanted the Indians to remain on the land (unlike British) – vassals
Spanish preferred to colonize in densely populated areas
Unlike the British, who wanted the land and clear it of Indians, the Spanish wanted vassels. They wanted to conrol the land and use inhabitants as servants. This is why they concentrate on denslely populated areas … there settlement was based on domination of the people.
Spanish settlers preferred urban life … following Roman tradition, as cities were civilized, so it was frowned upon to live in the hinterlands. Most land owners would hold estates in the colony and control land in the countryside and the people as well.
Towns become the basis for dominion in Spanish America
Cortes will require that those receiving land commit to staying for at least 8 years to provide stability to the towns and to manage the Natives work and learning of Christianity. They were told to bring their families over

10. Labor System - Encomienda
Work and taxes
for
Protection and religion
Encomienda - The expedition commander would give trusteeship over parcels of land and that land’s inhabitants to his conquistadores.
They did not own the land, however they could collect taxes from natives and force them to perform labor for the encomiendero.
The encomiendero in turn, would provide protection and Catholicism to the natives. (Spread of Catholicism)
Used on mainland

11. Bartolome de las Casas Catholic Priest
Came to the Americas shortly after Columbus
Critic of the American conquest & encomienda system
Fought to preserve rights of Native Americans

12. African Slavery Used primarily on the islands of the Caribbean
Sugar, coffee, tobacco plantations
Native had died from disease

13. Colonial Government under Crown Control
Conquistador autonomy concerned crown
Created two provinces:
In Mexico - New Spain,
In Peru - New Castile
Governed by a viceroy (Voice of the king)
Decisions on colonial management came from Spain
Conquistador autonomy concerned the Spanish crown, so they established a centralized government.
Created two provinces:
In Mexico - New Spain,
In Peru - New Castile
Each was governed by a viceroy. He was the voice of the king in the new world.
He was monitored closely by the crown to prevent any attempts to gain independence from Spain.
All important decisions on colonial management came from Spain.

14. Spanish in North America
Why did they not conquer periphery Indians (North America)?
Why did they not conquer periphery Indians?
They did not have maize, gold, or cities, so they hardly seemed worth the effort

15. New Mexico Colony Santa Fe (1608) was founded as a religious colony
In the wilderness
Little respect for Natives
Pueblo Indians were willing to add Christian beliefs
New Mexico was a Spanish colony that would now be the SW US and Northern Mexico.
It was the sticks
Pacification policy – treat natives respectfully with peace and charity.
Win their hearts
Adelantado was the guy in charge of pacifying an area
Many did not abide by the rules
They took food, forcibly lived among the natives, raped native women
Santa Fe (1608) was founded to prevent this negative interaction
People who lived in New Mexico knew hardship and poverty. Too far to receive much from the Spanish empire (once every 3-4 years)
Religious colony because the land offered nothing else
Pueblo Indians were willing to add Christian beliefs to their religion. Native American tribes often augmented their spiritual beliefs because they felt spiritual powers were diverse and woven into the natural world

16. Pope’s Rebellion - 1680 Pueblo Indians resent the Spanish
infringing on Pueblo culture
Disrespectful
Making natives second class citizens
Pueblos attack New Mexico settlements
Kill priests & settlers
Burned settlements
Set Spanish back in that area