1. Trends in Antebellum America: 1810-1860
New intellectual and religious movements.
Social reforms.
Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in America.
Re-emergence of a second party system and more political democratization.
Increase in federal power  Marshall Ct. decisions.
Increase in American nationalism.
Further westward expansion.

2. WESTERN PIONEERS
I. Americans Head West – In 1800 only 387,000 settlers lived west of the Appalachian Mountains – by 1820 that number grew to 2.4 million
A. American Mission – “spread from sea to shining sea
John Louis O’Sullivan – declared that it was the “Manifest Destiny” to spread over the continent – “God Given Right to spread our culture”

3. “Manifest Destiny”
First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845.
".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."
A myth of the West as a land of romance and adventure emerged.

4. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

5. B. Farming New Lands – people chose fertile river valleys or woodland soil regions
Squatters – term for pioneers – settled the land they did not own (government intended to sell land to commercial businesses) -- PROFIT
Preemption Act 1830 – protected the right of squatters – buy 160 acres for &1.25/ acre

6. PLOWS & REAPERS - new inventions that allow for crop production to be easier – more supply of food, prices fall, more population
Jethro Tull – iron bladed Plow 1819
John Deere – steel bladed plow (1837)
Cyrus McCormick – mechanical reaper

7. D. Settlers & Native Americans
Early travelers feared attacks from natives especially the Apache & Comanche
362 emigrants died (1840 – 1860)
426 natives died
Treaty of Fort Laramie – Eight Native American Tribes agreed to specific boundaries and the US promised not to disturb these lands
E. Creating the Middle Ground – space between pioneer settlements and the native american settlements ( further white settlers moved west – further the middle ground moved west

8. F. Movement WEST Santa Fe Trail Oregon Trail Mormon Migration
-primarily a trade route
Oregon Trail
Kit Carson/ Jim Bridger made a life trapping beaver / gained knowledge of territories – cutting out passes – most popular east west route was Oregon Trail
Mormon Migration
Primarily a religious route

9. Independence for Texas

10. Opening Texas to Americans
Texas had long been a part of Spain’s Mexican Colony – Mexico became independent in 1821
People living in Texas – Tejanos --- established settlements of San Antonio, Hidalgo
Rest of Texas territory – settled by the Apache, Comanche (nomadic warring tribes)

11. Mexican Policy to Settlement
Colonization laws
Granted new immigrants a 10 year exemption from paying taxes
Have to become Mexican citizens
Live under Mexican law
Convert to Roman Catholicism
*** if they did this they were granted cheap land

12. National Colonization Act
Under this act the Mexican Gov’t – granted 26 emprasarios ( agents ) land in Texas – in return the emprasarios were supposed to fill the land w/ settlers
Stephen Austin was the 1st emprasario & most successful – found the town Washington on the Brazos – called the Old

13. Americanizing Texas Mexican Expectations – Accept Mexican citizenship
Adopt Mexican customs
Spanish language
Catholic church (foreign to protestants)
** many Mexicans distrusted these settlements because of their American Lifestyle

14. Mexican trust of these societies – halted in 1826 –
Conflict bt/ Haden Edward’s brother (Benjamin) and the Mexican gov’t over control of the Emprasarios –
Benjamin led a rebellion against the Mexican gov’t
Haden declared that all Americans living in the Texas region were part of a free republic called --- Fredonia ( little support)
1830 – Mexico closed it borders to immigration.

15. New Laws in Texas No Immigration in Mexico Import tariff on imports
Mexican gov’t was showing authority

16. Texas goes to War
The people of Texas angry w Mexican Gov’t call for meeting -----
1832
Asked Mexico to reopen immigration
Chose Austin as the president of meeting
1833
Separate Texas from the State of Caohuila
Created a constitution for Texas
Designated Austin to travel to Mexico City for negotiation

17. In the fall of 1833 – negotiations bt Austin and Mexican gov’t failed
Austin sent a letter to Tejano leaders suggesting – Texas should start own gov’t and army
Letter intercepted by Mexican gov’t
Austin was arrested for treason on his return to Texas – not released until July 1835

18. Santa Anna – revoked the Mexican Constitution – became dictator
In 1835 Austin said war was the only possible avenue for resolution

19. Texas Declaration of Independence

20. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836
Sam Houston ( )
Steven Austin ( )

21. The Republic of Texas

22. Remember the Alamo!

23. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

24. General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo
General Antonio Lpez de Santa Anna Recaptures the Alamo

25. Santa Anna – revoked the Mexican Constitution – became dictator
In 1835 Austin said war was the only possible avenue for resolution

26. Early Battles Gonzales San Antonio Alamo Goliad
*** Battle of San Jacinto – gave victory to the Texans

27. The Republic of Texas
The Mexican government refused to recognize the treaty forced on Santa Anna – yet they were not willing to fund a military expedition in re-conquering Texas
In 1836 – election were held in Texas
Voted Sam Houston as President
Also voted in favor of annexation
** Jackson did not favor --- annexation – cause a war with Mexico – issue of slavery