1. Diseases and Disorders Created by HS1 2nd block Spring 2016
Skeletal System
Diseases and Disorders
Created by HS1 2nd block Spring 2016

2. Arthritis A group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints.
There are two types: Osteroarthritis and rheumatoid

3. Osteroarthritis
The most common form, is a chronic disease that usually occurs as a result of aging. It frequently affects the hips and knees
Causes: occurs as a result of aging
Signs and Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion.
Treatment: Although there is no cure, rest, applications of heat and cold, asprin and antinflammitory medications, injection of steroids into the joints, and special exercises that are used to relieve the symptoms

4. Rheumatoid
Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissues and joints. It is three times more common in women than men, and onset often occurs between the ages of 35 and 45.
Causes: Progressive attacks can cause scar tissue formation and atrophy of bone and muscle tissue, which result in deformity and immobility.
Signs and Symptoms: pain and joint pain
Treatment: Rest, exercise, anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, and careful use of steroids and sometimes surgery, or arthroplasty, to replace damaged joints, such of those to the hips and the knees.

5. Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sac surrounding the joints.
CAUSE: repetitive motions or positions that irritate the bursae around a joint
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint.
TREATMENT: administrating pain medications, injection steroids, and anesthetics into the affected joint, rest, and physical therapy.
AFFECTS: shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees.

6. When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint.
Dislocation
When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint.
CAUSES: unexpected or unbalanced impact on a joint
SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS: swollen or bruise, limited movement, visibly out of place, discolored, or misshaped.
TREATMENT: bone is replaced, the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, a cast, or traction.
AFFECTS: shoulders, fingers, knees, and hip joints.

7. WHEN A TWISTING ACTION TEARS THE LIGAMENTS AT A JOINT
sPRAINs
WHEN A TWISTING ACTION TEARS THE LIGAMENTS AT A JOINT
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited movement.
TREATMENT: Rest, elevation, and immobilization with an elastic bandage or splint, and/or cold applications.
AFFECTS: wrist, ankles, knee and thumb

8. Fractures
A fracture is a crack or break in a bone. Greenstick: bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children. Simple or closed: complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin. Compound or open: bone breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance of infection. Impacted: broken bone ends jam into each other. Comminuted: bone fragments or splinters into more than two pieces. Spiral: bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks; common in skiing and skating accidents. Depressed: a broken piece of skull bone moves inward; common with severe head injuries. Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

9. Fractures
Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into its proper alignment. This process is called reduction. Closed reduction involves positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or a splint to maintain the position until the fracture heals. Open reduction involves surgical repair of the bone. In some cases, some special pins, plates, or other devices are surgically implanted to maintain correct position of the bone.

10. Osteomyelitis A bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism
Abscess is formed within the bone and medullary canal contains pus when an infectious organism is present
Symptoms
Pain at site
Swelling
Chills
Fever
Treat with antibiotics

11. Osteoporosis Increased porosity or softening of the bones
Caused by a hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium in the diet, and a sedentary lifestyle
The loss of calcium causes the bones to become brittle, porous, and prone to fracture
Treat with increased intake of calcium and vitamin D, medications such as Fosamax and Citracel to increase bone mass, exercise, and/or estrogen replacement

12. Also called Herniated or Slipped disks
Ruptured disks
Also called Herniated or Slipped disks
Occurs when an intervertebral disks (pad of cartilage separating the vertebrae) ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes on the spinal nerve
Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasms, impaired movement, and/or numbness
Treatments: rest, traction, physical therapy, message therapy, chiropractic treatment, and/or heat or cold applications
Medications: pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant
A laminectomy, surgical removal of the protruding disks, may be necessary in severe cases that do not respond to conservative treatments
If pain persists, a spinal fusion may be performed to insert a screw/rod assembly into the spine to permanently immobilize the affected vertebrae

14. Spinal Curvatures

15. Spinal Curvatures
Kyphosis, or hunchback, is a round bowing of the back at the thoracic area.
Scoliosis is a side-to-side, or lateral, curvature of the spine.
Lordosis, or swayback, is an abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region.
Poor posture, congenital (at birth) defects, structural defects of the vertebrae, malnutrition, and degeneration of the vertebrae can all be causes of these defects.
Therapeutic exercises, firm mattresses, and/or brace are the main forms of treatment.
Severe deformities may require surgical repair.