1. Disorders and Diseases Created by HS1 3rd block Spring 2015
Skeletal System
Disorders and Diseases
Created by HS1 3rd block Spring 2015

2. Arthritis
Arthritis is a group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints. The two main types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

3. Osteoarthritis Most common Chronic Occurs as a result of aging
Affects hips and knees
Symptoms: joint pain, stiffness, aching, and limited range of motion
There is no cure, but rest, applications of heat and cold, aspirin and anti-inflammatory medications, injection of steroids into the joints, and special exercises are used to relieve the symptoms.

4. Rheumatoid Arthritis Chronic inflammatory disease
Affects the connective tissues and joints
3x more common in women than men; usually between ages 35 and 45
Can cause permanent deformity and immobility
Treatment: rest, prescribed exercise, anti-inflammatory medications such as aspirin, and careful use of steroids. Surgery (arthroplasty) can replace damaged joints.

5. Affects the shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees.
Bursitis
An inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints.
Affects the shoulders, elbows, hips, or knees.
Symptoms include severe pain, limited movement, and fluid accumulation in the joint.
Treatment consists of administering pain meds, injecting steroids and anesthetics into the affected joint, rest, aspirating the joint, and physical therapy.

6. Dislocation When a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint.
Occurs in shoulders, fingers, knees, and hips.
After the dislocation is reduced, the dislocation is immobilized with a splint, a cast, or traction.

7. Sprain When a twisting action tears the ligaments at a joint.
The wrist and ankles are common sites for sprains.
Symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration, and limited movement.
Treatment methods include rest, elevation, immobilization with an elastic bandage or splint, and/or cold applications.

8. A crack or break in a bone
Fractures
A crack or break in a bone

9. Types Of Fractions
Greenstick: bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children
Simple or closed: complete break of the bone with no damage to skin
Compound or open: bone breaks and ruptures through skin; creates an increased chance of infection
Impacted: broken bone end jams into each other
Comminuted: bone fragments or splinters into each other
Spiral: bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks; common with severe head injuries
Colles: breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand.

10. Treatment
Before a fracture can heal, the bone must be put back into it’s proper alignment through a process called reduction.
There are two types of reduction: closed reduction and open reduction.
Closed reduction is positioning the bone in correct alignment, usually with traction, and applying a cast or splint to maintain the position until the fracture heels.
Open reduction is the surgical repair of the bone.

11. Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is a bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism.
Causes abscess within the bone, and pus build up in the medullary canal.
Symptoms include pain on site, swelling, chills, and fever.
Antibiotics are used for treatment.

12. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is the softening of the bone.
Caused by hormone deficiency and lack of calcium in diet.
Loss of calcium causes bones to become brittle and prone to fracture.
Bone density tests lead to early detection, and prevention treatment.
Treatments are increase calcium and vitamin D intake, medications such as Fosamax and Citracel to increase bone mass, exercise, and estrogen replacement.

13. Ruptured disk

14. Ruptured disk Also known as a herniated or slipped disk.
It occurs when an intervertebral disk ruptures or protrudes out of place and causes pressure on the spinal nerve.
Symptoms: severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness.

15. treatment
Initial: pain, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant medications.
Other: rest, traction, physical therapy, massage therapy, chiropractic treatment, and/or heat or cold applications.
A laminectomy, surgical removal of the protruding disk, may be necessary in severe cases.
A spinal fusion, insert of a screw/rod into the spine to permanently immobilize the affected vertebrae, may be performed if pain persists.