1. Chapter 22 Organic Compounds
Section 1 Organic Compounds
Chapter 22
Organic Compounds
All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic.
examples: Na2CO3, CO, and CO2 are considered inorganic.
Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides.

2. Carbon Bonding and the Diversity of Organic Compounds, continued
Section 1 Organic Compounds
Chapter 22
Carbon Bonding and the Diversity of Organic Compounds, continued
Carbon Bonding to Other Elements
Besides binding to other carbon atoms, carbon atoms bind readily to elements with similar electronegativities.
Hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen; they are the simplest organic compounds.
Other organic compounds contain hydrocarbon backbones to which other elements, primarily O, N, S, and the halogens, are attached.

3. Chapter 22 Structural Formulas
Section 1 Organic Compounds
Chapter 22
Structural Formulas
Organic chemists use structural formulas to represent organic compounds.
A structural formula indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms.
example: a structural formula for one isomer of C4H10 is the following:

4. Structural Formulas, continued
Section 1 Organic Compounds
Chapter 22
Structural Formulas, continued
Structural formulas are sometimes condensed to make them easier to read.
In some condensed structures, bonds to hydrogen are not shown. Hydrogen atoms are understood to bind to the atom they are written beside.
example: the following structural and condensed formulas represent the same molecule.

5. Structural Formulas, continued
Section 1 Organic Compounds
Chapter 22
Structural Formulas, continued
Structural formulas do not accurately show the three-dimensional shape of molecules.
Three-dimensional shape is depicted with drawings or models, as shown for ethanol above.

6. Chapter 22 Lesson Starter
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Lesson Starter
What would be the chemical formula for the next hydrocarbon in the series shown above?
The formula for a straight-chain hydrocarbon like the ones shown above follows the form of CnH2n+2.
Calculate what the chemical formula would be for a straight-chain hydrocarbon with 15 carbon atoms.

7. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Objectives
Distinguish among the structures of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Write structural formulas and names for alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Relate properties of different types of hydrocarbons to their structures.

8. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They make up the simplest class of organic compounds.
All other organic compounds can be viewed as hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by other atoms or other groups of atoms.
Saturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms.

9. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds are alkanes.
Straight-chain alkanes differ from one another by one carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms, a –CH2– group.
Compounds that differ in this fashion belong to a homologous series.

10. Chapter 22 Alkanes, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Alkanes, continued
A homologous series is one in which adjacent members differ by a constant unit.
A general molecular formula can be used to determine the formulas of all members of a homologous series.
In the homologous series of straight-chain alkanes, the formula for each compound is determined by the general formula CnH2n+2.
For ethane, n = 2, so there are two carbon atoms and (2 × 2) + 2 = 6 hydrogen atoms, and its formula is C2H6.
For propane, n = 3, so there are three carbon atoms and (2 × 3) + 2 = 8 hydrogen atoms, and its formula is C3H8.

11. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Alkanes

12. Systematic Names of Alkanes, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Systematic Names of Alkanes, continued
Unbranched-Chain Alkane Nomenclature
To name an unbranched alkane, use the prefix that corresponds to the number of carbon atoms in the chain of the hydrocarbon, and add the suffix -ane.
example:
The rest of the prefixes for alkanes with one to ten carbon atoms are shown in the table on the next slide.

13. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Names of Alkanes

14. Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Names of Alkanes

15. Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Physical States
Alkanes that have the lowest mass—those with one to four carbon atoms—are gases.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed primarily of alkanes containing one to four carbon atoms.
Larger alkanes, such as gasoline and kerosene, are liquids.
Alkanes that have a very high molecular mass, such as paraffin wax, are solids.

16. Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Boiling Points
The boiling points of alkanes also increase with molecular mass.
As London dispersion forces increase, more energy is required to pull the molecules apart.
This property is used in the separation of petroleum, a major source of alkanes.
Petroleum is a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons that varies greatly in composition.

17. Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Properties and Uses of Alkanes, continued
Boiling Points, continued
The hydrocarbon molecules in petroleum contain from 1 to more than 50 carbon atoms.
This range allows the separation of petroleum into different portions that have different boiling point ranges.
In fractional distillation, components of a mixture are separated on the basis of boiling point, by condensation of vapor in a fractionating column.

18. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that do not contain the maximum amount of hydrogen are referred to as unsaturated.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds.
An unsaturated hydrocarbon has one or more double bonds or triple bonds between carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms can easily form multiple bonds to other carbon atoms, so multiple bonds in organic compounds are common.

19. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, continued
Alkenes
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds.
An alkene with one double bond has two fewer hydrogen atoms than the corresponding alkane.
The general formula for noncyclic alkenes with one double bond is CnH2n, instead of CnH2n+2 as it is for alkanes.

20. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, continued
Section 2 Hydrocarbons
Chapter 22
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, continued
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds are alkynes.
The simplest alkyne is ethyne, more commonly known as acetylene, C2H2:
The general formula for an alkyne with one triple bond is CnH2n–2.

21. Section 3 Functional Groups
Chapter 22
Objectives
Define “functional group” and explain why functional groups are important.
Identify alcohols, alkyl halides, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines based on the functional group present in each.
Explain the relationships between the properties and structures of compounds with various functional groups.

22. Chapter 22 Functional Groups
Section 3 Functional Groups
Chapter 22
Functional Groups
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound.
A given functional group undergoes the same types of chemical reactions in every molecule in which it is found.
Compounds that contain the same functional group can be classed together.

23. Classes of Organic Compounds
Section 3 Functional Groups
Chapter 22
Classes of Organic Compounds
A functional group gives an organic compound properties that are very different from those of the corresponding hydrocarbon.
The compounds in the table on the next slide all have four carbon atoms, but they have very different physical properties due to their different functional groups.

24. Common Organic Functional Groups
Section 3 Functional Groups
Chapter 22
Common Organic Functional Groups

25. Common Organic Functional Groups
Section 3 Functional Groups
Chapter 22
Common Organic Functional Groups

26. End of Chapter 22 Show