1. The Age of Revolution
Chapter 4, Section 3

2. The Scientific Revolution
In the 16th and 17th centuries, scientific discoveries changed the way that Europeans looked at the world.
Examples:
In Italy, Galileo Galilei ( ) studied stars and planets using a telescope.
In Holland, Antoni van Leewenhoek ( ) used a microscope to explore properties of water.
In Sweden, Carolus Linnaeus ( ) developed a classification system to name everything in nature.

3. The Industrial Revolution
Inventions from the Scientific Revolution changed the way people across Europe worked.
Machines performed jobs once done by humans.
Machines were grouped together to make large factories.
Early factories were built in the countryside near streams and rivers so they could be powered by water.
By the late 1700s, new steam engines were used to power machinery, and factories could be built in cities.
People moved from the country to the city to look for work.

4. The Workshop of the World
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the late 1700s.
The first English factories made textiles or cloth.
The steam-powered machines produced large amounts of goods quickly and cheaply.
So many factories were built in England that the country was known as the “Workshop of the World.”

5. Hard Work for Low Pay
The Industrial Revolution created a demand for workers— or a labor force—in cities to run the machines.
Workers earned more income in the cities than working on farms.
Factory workers worked long hours and received very little pay.

6. Hard Work for Low Pay (Cont’d)
Children were forced to work to earn extra money.
In 1838, women and children comprised 75 percent of all textile factory workers.
Children as young as seven were often forced to work 12 hours a day!

7. The Spread of Industrialization—and Capitalism
The textile industry was one step towards the development of an economic system called capitalism.
In capitalism, factories and other businesses make and sell goods that are privately owned.
Private business owners make decisions about what goods to produce, which they sell to earn a profit.

8. The Spread of Industrialization
Industrialization spread from England to other countries, such as Germany, France, Belgium, and the United States.
Cities grew rapidly and became crowded and dirty.
Diseases, such as cholera and typhoid, spread quickly.
Smoke from the factories polluted city skies and rivers.

9. The French Revolution: Ripe for Political Change
By the 1780s, the French government was deeply in debt because of bad investments and the costs of fighting wars.
Life was miserable for the commoners.
Poor harvests and rising populations led to food shortages and hunger.
People were forced to pay high taxes.
On the other hand—
King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette enjoyed an expensive life style by entertaining themselves and the French nobility.

10. The French Revolution: Storming the Bastille
French citizens demanded changes— without success.
On July 14, 1789, angry mobs stormed the Bastille, which is a Paris prison.
Revolts spread to the countryside and poor and angry workers burned the homes of nobility.
By 1791, France had a new constitution that made all French citizens equal under the law.

11. The French Revolution: The French Republic
In 1792, France became a Republic.
King Louis XVI was found guilty of treason.
In 1793, both the king and queen were sentenced to death and beheaded on the guillotine.
France was still not at peace.
Between 1793 and 1794, 17,000 people were executed, and it was known as the Reign of Terror.

12. The French Revolution: Napoleon Bonaparte
French leaders continued to struggle for control until 1799 when General Napoleon Bonaparte took control.
Napoleon ‘s leadership ended the French Revolution.
Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France in 1804.
He led France to victory during the Napoleonic Wars.

13. Nationalism Definition: “Pride in and loyalty to one’s nation.”
The sense of equality that resulted from the Revolution stirred feelings of nationalism among the French.
Citizens of other European nations began to fight for more political power and won more rights!

14. The End