1. Avoiding Plagiarism & Documenting Sources
Pablo Gonzalez Martinez and Anna Soo-Hoo
WRITING FELLOWS AT CITY TECH 2018

2. In this workshop we will cover:
Understanding Plagiarism
Documenting Sources
Paraphrasing

3. Intellectual Challenges in American Academic Writing (Stolley, Karl, Brizee, Allen, and Paiz, Joshua M., 2013: Directly from Purdue OWL)
Build on the work of previous researchers
BUT  
Write something new and original
Rely on experts' and authorities' opinions
BUT   
Improve upon and/or disagree with those same opinions
Give credit to previous researchers
BUT 
Make your own significant  contribution
Use the “jargon” of your discipline.
Use your own words and your own voice
As you enter the academic community these are some of the challenges that you might face…

4. What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the act of presenting another person’s ideas, research, or writings as your own. Examples of plagiarism include:
Copying another person’s words or images without the use of quotation marks and footnotes attributing the words to their source
Presenting another person’s ideas or theories in your own words without acknowledging the source
Failing to acknowledge collaborators on homework and laboratory assignments
Internet plagiarism, including submitting downloaded term papers or parts of term papers, paraphrasing or copying information from the Internet without citing the source, or “cutting and pasting” from various sources without proper attribution
See the NYCCT statement on academic integrity.
General themes from the quiz: the difference between discussion and writing.
Aim to be comfortable with using quotations, research, and experts. If you’re not the expert, you will rely on these things, but you need to respond / engage / work with these experts as if it were a discussion. Have the experts stand behind you, but point them out to your audience. These citations are there to strengthen your argument.
The purpose of discussion/conversation/collaboration is to generate/change/refine ideas, but the product you turn in should be a reflection of you. In some disciplines it might feel as if you have no room for voice, but even just arranging data and presenting conclusions or paraphrasing is an act of authorship.

5. Plagiarism Quiz
10 minutes. Work with your neighbor. Which situations do the students disagree on the most or were the most difficult to judge? If there is time remaining, which were the easiest situations to make a decision about, and why?

6. Why does plagiarism occur?
Time management
Lack of self-confidence
Bad paraphrasing
Improper citations

7. What is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is rewriting a sentence or series of sentences in your own words.
Example (From Purdue OWL, 2012)
Original Text:
“Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.” Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976):
Paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
Paraphrasing doesn’t get you out of citing your source. Paraphrasing allows you to integrate the source into your paper.

8. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing (Purdue OWL, 2010) - https://owl
Reread the original passage until you fully understand it.
Write your version without looking at the original.
Include a few words below your paraphrase to remind yourself later how you envision using this material.
Check your version with the original to make sure that your paraphrase accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
Use quotation marks to identify any unique phrase you have borrowed from the original.
Cite your original source using proper formatting.

9. Paraphrase Exercise
Imagine you want to use the following information to support an argument you are making in a paper. Paraphrase it, and include an in-text citation:
Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.
Excerpt from "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.
5 minutes. Paraphrase this excerpt in one sentence. Ask if anyone wants to read their sentence. After: What information did you choose to highlight, or what did you extract? Did it change based on your imagined argument/purpose?

10. Documenting Sources Know the preferred citation style for the class
MLA is the preferred style for liberal arts and humanities
APA is the preferred style for the social sciences
Many academic disciplines have their own style, so always ask your professor
PRO TIP: Don’t bother memorizing details of each style!!
Bookmark this instead:
Consider using a citation manager: Mendeley, Zotero, and Endnote are popular choices.
Check your syllabus first! Try to avoid using works cited generators until you know how to do it on your own or know what it should look like. If you do use a works cited generator, you should be the final editor of every citation. Don’t trust the robots.

11. MLA Format (Modern Language Association)
Example of In-Text Citation:
“Along these lines, revisionists have stressed continuing popular Episcopalianism after disestablishment and recast the demographic explosion of evangelicalism as a firmly early to mid-nineteenth century story” (Heyrman 18–20).
Works Cited:
Heyrman, Christine. Southern Cross: The Beginnings of the Bible Belt. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
Scan for the citation (try not to read the quote). What information does a citation seem to have in it? What’s the difference between an in-text citation and the Works Cited citation?

12. AMS Format (American Mathematical Society)
Example of In-Text Citation:
“…While groups generated by automata appeared as early as the 1950’s, the “selfsimilar” terminology to describe these groups was introduced in the 1980’s. Group theorists such as R. Grigorchuk [12], N. Gupta, S. Sidki [16], A. Brunner [17] and others introduced important examples.”
Bibliography:
[12] R. I. Grigorchuk, On Burnside’s problem on periodic groups. Functional Anal. Appl., 14(1):, (1980), 41–43.
[…]
[16] N. Gupta and S. Sidki, On the Burnside problem for periodic groups, Math. Z. 182, (1983), MR85g:20075.

13. How do I document my sources?
Citations in the body of the paper
In-text citations
Footnotes/endnotes
Documentation at the end of the paper
Bibliography
Works Cited
References

14. Ask a Librarian
Librarians can help you find sources that you might have overlooked.
They will help you get your bibliography in order.
Begin by consulting their website:

15. Work Cited v. Bibliography
Works Cited
A works cited page consists of sources that you DIRECTLY cite in your paper.
All secondary sources which you quote from or paraphrase MUST be included in your works cited.
Bibliography
A bibliography page consists of sources that you DIRECTLY cite in your paper along with any and all works you consulted in your project.
Even if you did not cite the item or paraphrase it in your paper, you should include it.

16. City Tech WAC (Writing-Across-the-Curriculum) website:
Pablo Gonzalez Martinez:
Anna Soo-Hoo: