1. EL117 Unit 1: Session (2) Prepared By: Dr. Marine Milad

2. Outline of Unit (1) Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Part 2: Developing the Five-Paragraph Essay
Part 3: Unity & Coherence
Part 4: Editing Your Writing
Part 5: Putting It All Together
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

3. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Exercise 1: Thinking about the topic.
Discuss the following question with a partner.
What type of writing are the students in the pictures practicing?
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

4. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Exercise 1: Thinking about the topic.
Discuss the following questions with a partner.
Which of these types of writing have you experienced?
Where and when do you like to write?
What are the different kinds of writing you do?
11/8/2018
Marine Milad

5. Definition of Academic Writing
The forms of expository and argumentative prose used by university students and researchers to deliver a body of information about a particular subject.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

6. Features of Academic Writing
Generally, academic writing is expected to be:
precise,
formal,
impersonal, and
objective.
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Marine Milad

7. Writing Process
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Marine Milad

8. What is an Essay?
Every essay should have the following three basic parts:
Introduction:
The first paragraph of the essay. It includes the thesis statement
Body paragraph(s):
The number of paragraphs depend on the type of the essay (short/long). Each paragraph has a topic sentence and supporting sentences that support the thesis in the introduction.
Conclusion:
It is the last paragraph and brings the essay to the conclusion by restating the thesis, summarizing the discussed ideas and evaluating (giving opinions).
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

9. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Rhetorical Focus: Review of Short Essay Structure.
A short essay has three basic parts:
an introduction,
one or two body paragraphs,
and a conclusion.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

10. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Exercise 2 : Thinking about the topic.
Skim the short essay on p. 3 and design a graphic organizer by:
Decide which type of graphic organizers you will use (concept maps, flowcharts, mind maps, etc.).
Identify the main topic and branch it out into sub-topics.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

11. Concept map for essay planning
Introductory
paragraph
Body Paragraph
Concluding
Paragraphs
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Marine Milad

12. How to become an academic Writer
Graphic Organizer
How to become an academic Writer
Grammar
Content
Vocabulary
11/8/2018
Marine Milad

13. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Rhetorical Focus: The Short Essay and the Five-Paragraph Essay
Like a short essay, a five-paragraph essay has three basic parts:
an introduction,
three body paragraphs, and
a conclusion.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

14. Part 1: Stimulating Ideas
Exercise 3: Reading a five-paragraph essay
Read the five-paragraph essay p.5 about becoming an academic writer. Compare it to the short essay on page 3.
How are the two essays different?
_____________________________
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

15. Skim the long essay on p. 5 and fill in the following graphic organizer
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Marine Milad

16. Summarize
then
Synthesize

17. What is a Summary?
A summary is a shortened version of an original text/essay.
It includes the thesis and major supporting points, and should reveal the relationship between the major points and the thesis.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

18. Why should you summarise?
to present the matter or general idea in brief form
to create a concise, condensed account of the original
to cover the main points
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

19. Connect to the Text Summarize
Summarizing aids text comprehension and the reader’s ability to ……………..
Connect to the Text

20. How to write a good summary?
Three Keys:
Use your own words and sentence structure.
Make it shorter than the original It may be any length, from 25% of the original to one sentence..
Do not change the meaning of the original.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

21. How to write a good summary?
Key Elements for Summarizing Texts are:
1) pulling out main ideas,
2) focusing on key details,
3) using key words and phrases,
4) breaking down the larger ideas,
5) writing only enough to convey the general idea, and
6) taking brief but complete notes.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

22. When you summarize …
Pay extra attention to include the following in the summary:
titles
introductions,
last paragraphs of a text,
first and last sentences of each paragraph, and
bold-faced words.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

23. Remember a good summary is…
Comprehensive: it conveys all the important information in the reading you summarize.
Brief: It conveys the information mentioned in the reading concisely.
Accurate: It correctly conveys the author's ideas, attitude, findings or arguments.
Neutral: It avoids judgments concerning the reading's topics or style.
Independent: It makes sense to someone who has not read the original text.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

24. Summarize the following
Original text
‘At a typical football match we are likely to see players committing deliberate fouls often behind the referee’s back. They might try to take a throw-in or a free kick from an incorrect but more advantageous positions in defiance of the clearly stated rules of the game. They sometimes challenge the rulings of the referee or linesmen in an offensive way which often deserves exemplary punishment or even sending off. No wonder spectators fight amongst themselves, damage stadiums, or take the law into their own hands by invading the playing field in the hope of affecting the outcome of the match.’ [100 words]
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

25. Key answer
Summary
Unsportsmanlike behaviour by footballers may cause disturbance and disorder among spectators who hope to affect the outcome of the match by invading the playing field. [25 words]
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

26. Which Summary is better? Why?
Domestic Animals
Domestic animals are those that are tamed by us for our good. All the animals were wild in the beginning when life emerged on earth. When man shed his hunting life, he started keeping some animals like the cow, the sheep and the dog. The cows gave him milk while the horse carried his loads. The dog was the most useful animal for him as it guarded his cattle and also helped him in hunting. Since then we have been domesticating animals that serve us in various ways. Some of them are milk cattle and provide us with milk which is certainly a valuable source of diet.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

27. Which Summary is better? Why?
Domestic Animals
Some domestic animals give us rides and carry our loads. Still others work on our farms and help us grow all the crops we need. There are a few domestic animals kept as pets for fun only. Thus, we see that domestic animals are very useful to us as they do us a lot of good while living. Not only this but they are also useful to us after their death. Leather, bones, ivory and fur of the dead animals are of great utility.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

28. Key answer Summary (1) is a bad summary because:
It does not present the main idea clearly
It has irrelevant details
It is not brief
It is not accurate
It is not organized
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Marine Milad

29. Key answer Summary (2) is a better summary because:
It presents the main idea and key details
It is brief and to the point,
It is independent and comprehensive
It is accurate and neutral
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

30. Paraphrasing

31. What is paraphrasing?
Paraphrasing is restating an idea using different words.
This is to restate in your own words something that was said or read before.
It is a useful study skill because it helps in remembering ideas and concepts that is learnt and avoiding plagiarism.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

32. How to write a good paraphrase?
Three Keys:
Use your own words and sentence structure.
Make it the same length as the original.
Do not change the meaning of the original.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

33. For example
Unlike machines, humans need to sleep, and they are subject to illness, accidents, or making mistakes when working without adequate rest. (Barth,2003,p. 23)
Humans are not machines and cannot work without having enough rest to avoid mistakes, sickness and accidents. (Barth,2003,p. 23)
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Marine Milad

34. For example
Living abroad in a space station around Earth orbit for months poses problems for astronauts’ bodies as well as for their minds. (Space Since, Clinton,2003,p.16)
An article in Space Since magazine reports that lengthy space station duty may lead to physical and mental problems for astronauts. (Space Since, Clinton,2003,p.16)
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Marine Milad

35. The Difference Between Paraphrasing & Summarizing
To paraphrase: means to express someone else's ideas in your own language.
To summarize: means to elicit only the most essential points of someone else's work.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

36. For example The original passage:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.
[Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1996): ]
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

37. For example A valid paraphrase:
In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester, 1996, p ).
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

38. For example An acceptable summary:
Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester, 1996, p ).
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

39. For example A plagiarized version:
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

40. Home Assignment Exercise 4: Reading a five-paragraph essay
Read the five-paragraph essay (p.5) about becoming an academic writer and summarize it in one comprehensive paragraph.
Reference you summary according to MLA style
08/11/2018
Marine Milad

41. “A mind stretched to a new idea never goes back to its original dimensions.” Oliver Wendell Holmes

42. Thank You