1. Advanced Placement Psychology
Famous Psychologists
Advanced Placement Psychology

2. Willhelm Wundt
Introspection- Psychology & the study of conscious experience
Father of Psychology
University of Leipzig

3. Mary Whiton Calkins First woman president of the APA.
Denied a Ph.D. from Harvard for being female.

4. Freud Superego Id Ego Defense Mechanisms Deny/distort reality
Act unconsciously

5. Freud

6. Freud Id – pleasure principle - innate
Ego – reality principle - learned
Superego – “conscience” - learned
If Ego can’t maintain balance between Id and Superego, then defense mechanisms
Psychoanalysis
dream analysis, hypnosis and free associations
reveal unconscious

7. Ivan Pavlov Classical conditioning UCS elicits a UCR Dogs
Salivation to meat powder & tuning fork
UCS, UCR, CS, CR

8. John Watson Founder of behaviorism Little Albert study
Rosalie Rayner (his graduate student and later his wife)
Conditioning fear

9. Alfred Adler Neo-Freudian Superiority complex Inferiority complex
Sibling rivalry
Birth order

10. Adler motivating force is sense of inferiority
People strive for perfection
People try to overcome with compensation
Striving towards perfection or superiority
Compensation can be too great (overcompensation – superiority complex)
Birth Order can influence personality

11. Karen Horney
NeoFreudian that believed that there was an inner conflict but did not agree with the penis envy and women having less of an ability to suppress their urges.

12. Carl Jung People have conscious & unconscious awareness Archetypes
Collective Unconscious

13. Gordon Allport Cardinal Traits (dominant personality characteristic)
Central Traits
Secondary Traits
PERSONALITY theorist

14. B.F. Skinner
Behaviorism
Skinner Box
Operant Conditioning

15. E.L. Thorndike
Law of Effect
Behaviorist

16. Edward Thordike
Famous for his Law of Effect. The Law of Effect states that a) Responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened; and b) Responses that are followed by discomfort are weakened.
Created the Puzzle Box for cats to prove his theory.

17. Sigmund Freud Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage (0-1 year)
Anal Stage (1-3 years)
Phallic Stage (3-5/6 years)
Latency Period (5/6 – puberty)
Genital Stage (puberty – maturity)
The events of psychosexual development may lead to fixations later on in adult life

18. Harry Harlow UW Madison Rhesus monkeys
Attachment is not = to food, comfort and warmth and love is important, too!

19. Konrad Lorenz Discovered the principle of imprinting.
Studied instinctive behavior in animals

20. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development of children Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

21. Erik Erikson

22. Albert Bandura
Observational learning, or modeling

23. Albert Bandura Bobo Doll Observational Learning
Social-Cognitive Perspective of personality

24. Mary Ainsworth Secure attachment- stable and positive
Anxious-Ambivalent- desire to be with a parent and some resistance to being reunited
Avoidant- tendency to avoid reunion with parent

25. Lawrence Kohlberg Studied moral development in men
Preconventional- Stage 1: punishment orientation
Stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation
Conventional- Stage 3: Good boy/ good girl orientation
Stage 4: Authority orientation
Postconventional- Stage 5: social-contract orientation
Stage 6: Morality of individual principles

26. Kohlberg LEVEL STAGE SOCIAL ORIENTATION Pre-conventional 1
Obedience and Punishment 2
Individualism
Conventional 3
Good boy/girl 4
Law and Order
Post-conventional 5
Social Contract 6
Principled Conscience

27. Diana Baumrind Parenting styles Negligent (uninvolved)
Permissive (unrestraining)
Authoritarian (Coercive)
Authoritative (confrontive)

28. Carol Gilligan Moral reasoning in girls.
Nurturing and caring part of a girl’s DNA – should count in moral reasoning.
Dislikes Kohlberg’s Morality Stages.

29. James-Lange Theory (Emotions) William James & Carl Lange
States that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a
rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than
being their cause.

30. Cannon-Bard theory (Emotins) Walter Cannon & Philip Bard
Theory that we experience emotions and physiologically react simultaneously.

31. Albert Ellis Rational Emotive Therapy Cognitive Therapist
Focuses on altering a client’s irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions.

32. Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Lower level needs dominate higher level needs
Goal is to be self- actualized

33. Carl Rogers Humanist Personal growth
Empathy, acceptance, understanding
Unconditional Positive Regard

34. Martin Seligman
Learned Helplessness
Positive Psychology

35. Alfred Binet
First IQ test
Intelligence Quotient

36. Lewis Terman
Revised IQ test for American children and standardized norms for American kids.

37. Charles Spearman g= general ability
Mental talents are highly correlated
Intelligence is NOT multiple….

38. Howard Gardner Theory of multiple intelligences Practical intelligence
Emotional intelligence
Natural intelligence
Analytical intelligence
Etc….

39. David Weschler WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test for Adults
Intelligence test for adults (S-B test is not good in assessing adult intelligence)

40. Robert Sternberg Tricarchic theory of intelligence
Academic problem solving
Practical intelligence
Creative intelligence

41. Noam Chomsky Language Cognitive Perspective
Humans have an inborn native ability to develop language.

42. Phineas Gage Brain is involved with emotions & behavior & personality
Frontal Lobe

43. Paul Broca
Discovered that the production of language has been linked to the Broca’s area (obviously named after his discovery of this particular area)

44. Carl Wernicke
Part of the cerebral cortex that is important for understanding of written and spoken language.
Named after Carl Wernicke

45. Herman Rorschach
Projective test
Ink blots

46. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
DABDA – Stages of Death & Dying
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

47. Elizabeth Loftus Memory False memories of childhood traumas
Repression of threatening childhood memories

48. Stanley Milgram Obedience Shocks
How far will people obey authority figures?

49. Phillip Zimbardo Stanford Prison Study
Power of social roles and behavior
“The Lucifer Effect”

50. Solomon Asch Conformity Social Influence (peer pressure)
Gestalt Psychology: whole is greater than the sum of its parts