1. 10th World Studies 3.21.18 Today’s Agenda: A Revolution
Turn in:
Nothing
Take out :
Planner
Notes
Note-taking devices
Today’s Learning Objectives:
I can make a determination as to what direction government leadership (can) should take.
Today’s Agenda:
A Revolution
Another Revolution?!?
HW:
NONE—but you should be working on your SRP!!!

2. The Collapse of the Imperial Government (cont)
Rasputin assassinated in December of 1916
Complete mismanagement of the wartime economy
industrial production plummeted, inflation and starvation were rampant, and the cities were overflowing w/ refugees
they became a hotbed for political activism, and this was ignited by serious food shortages in March 1917, especially in St. Petersburg

3. VII. The Two Revolutions of 1917
The February/March Revolution (March 12)
Order No. 1
Still in WWI…the Kerensky Offensive
What could go wrong???
Gregorian Calendar v Julian Calendar
March 21st March 8th

4. VIII. The March Revolution
Origins: Food riots and strikes
Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12th
Composition of the Provisional Government
--Alexander Kerensky
Very Popular Revolution
The Petrograd Soviet--Order #1
Tsar abdicated on March 17th

5. VII. The Two Revolutions of 1917
The October/November Revolution (November 6)
By September, the Germans had captured Riga
Russian soldiers refused to fight and fled…

6. Order Number One
Soviet Order No. 1: 1. Committees to be elected immediately from the ranks of all military and naval units 2. One delegate from each company to be elected to the Petrograd Soviet 3. Armed forces are subordinate to the Petrograd Soviet in all their political actions 4. Orders of Military Commission of the Duma are to be carried out only if they do not conflict with the orders of the Petrograd Soviet

7. Order Number One
Soviet Order No. 1: 5. All weapons to remain under the control of company and battalion committees, and in no circumstances to be handed over to officers 6. While on duty soldiers must observe strict military discipline, but off-duty soldiers enjoy the same rights as other citizens; saluting off-duty is abolished 7. Honorific titles of officers are abolished (Your Excellency) 8. All coarse conduct by officers towards soldiers (use of the familiar “ty” as opposed to “vy”) is abolished, and cases of it must be reported to the committee.

8. Order Number One: What’s happening here???
Why do you think this is the first order of this new government?!?
What is it about this order that makes it different than other types of orders (military, political, or otherwise…)
According to this order, who controls the military???
Why is this order important? What do you think is going on in Russia that makes these types of provisions necessary?

9. Capitalism: is it a joke?!? A “Joke” about Capitalism
A young reporter asked a leading capitalist how he made his fortune.
"It was really quite simple", the capitalist answered. I bought an apple for 5 cents, spent the evening polishing it, and sold it the next day for 10 cents. With this I bought two apples, spent the evening polishing them, and sold them for 20 cents. And so it went until I amassed 80 cents.
Then, my wife's father died and left us a million dollars.”

10. Marxist theory and the “Joke” about Capitalism
1. Marxism is a theory of politics, economics and history developed by Karl Marx in the mid-1800s.
Industrial Revolution and its impact…think 3 Estates, the bourgeoisie, and who controls what…
2. It argues that society progresses through phases, which are determined by ownership of capital.
Primitive communism (hunter/gatherer), slavery, feudalism, capitalism, and finally industrialized communism…
3. Those who control capital essentially control society, while exploiting the workers to increase profit.
That is, in societies not embracing the theory of communism…

11. Capitalism – Possible Effects—(Probable Effects) According to Marxist thought…
Inequality
Poverty
Social Classes
Crime
Labor Conditions
Low Wages
Unemployment
Monopolies—what could possibly go wrong???

12. Capitalism—made “awesome” by Europeans during the Industrial Revolution…
KARL MARX THOUGHT THE INEQUALITY OF CAPITALISM WAS VERY BAD…
MARX BELIEVED THAT THE CAUSE OF CLASS STRUGGLES WAS THE HAVES AGAINST THE HAVE-NOTS
OR, IN HIS WORDS…
THE BOURGEOISIE (FACTORY OWNERS/WEALTHY)
VERSUS
THE PROLETARIAT
(FACTORY WORKERS)

13. Highest Stage of Socialism = Communism

14. Three Goals of Socialism:
MARX WAS A SOCIALIST…
Three Goals of Socialism:
1. To distribute wealth and economic opportunities equally among people
2. Government controls all major decisions about production (What and how many)
3. Public ownership of land, factories, etc.
--Gov’t makes decisions for the “good of the people”

15. Capitalism v. Socialism
Aka…Laissez-Faire
“Hands off”
No Government interference
Free Markets
Competition
Individual profit
Survival of fittest
“The Invisible Hand”

16. Capitalism v. Socialism
Aka…Government
“Hands in”
Government intervention
Controlled Markets
Equality
Shared profits
Help the weak

19. COMMIES!
“Arise ye pris’ners of starvation Arise ye wretched of the earth For justice thunders condemnation A better world’s in birth! No more tradition’s chains shall bind us Arise, ye slaves, no more in thrall; The earth shall rise on new foundations We have been naught we shall be all.”
--Internationale Communist anthem

20. Who knew you could learn about economics and politics watching “Spongebob Squarepants?”

21. Commies!

23. Movies & Advertising

24. Meanwhile, V.I. Lenin returned to Russia from exile
Head of the Bolshevik faction—the radicals. Committed communists
Strength comes from the Soviets, workers’ councils
Years
Average annual strikes[7]
1862–69 6
1870–84 20
1885–94 33
1895–1905
176

25. The Bolsheviks’ slogan—why would this appeal to the Russian People?

26. Bolshevik takeover-Nov. 1917
In response to “War Communism”

27. After the November Revolution
Elections for a constituent assembly didn’t give Bolsheviks a majority—but no other party did either…
In January, Bolsheviks disrupted the assembly with troops and dissolved opposition councils
Abolished private property, nationalized factories, redistributed land to the peasants.

28. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Big one!)
Russians agreed to an armistice – cease fire in December 1917
Russians agreed to a very harsh peace treaty in March 1918.
Gave Germany control over millions of square miles of territory from the old Russian Empire
TAKE A LOOK AT THE MAP—What did the Germans gain with this territory?
Treaty was never really implemented because Germany was defeated in November 1918

29. Almost immediately, civil war breaks out…
Bolsheviks (Red Army) vs. White Russians
Whites: landlords and land owners, some peasants, supporters of the aristocracy, liberals, non-Russian ethnic groups…
Many of the leaders were Tsarist generals
Britain, U.S., France, Japan, among others, sent troops to Russia to block Germans and support White Russians

30. Foreign intervention promoted a sense of nationalism that aided the Reds. Lenin used this as a propaganda device.
The intervention of the western nations was based on a fear of communism, wanting to stop German advance, and practical ones (Lenin’s refusal to pay the czar’s debts).

31. Russian Civil War 1918-1922 Very brutal; millions die
Hunger, disease, death, and chaos
Industrial production declines 80% compared to Farm production barely 1/3 of pre-war levels
Bolsheviks cracked down to survive. Bolsheviks won; foreign forces withdrew
Many would argue it was the failure of the White Army’s generals to communicate & work together that led to their downfall…

32. THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY
The USSR faced serious eco. issues w/ the conclusion of the civil wars
W. nations refused to trade w/ Russia
It proved difficult to switch quickly to a Marxist/communist system
In 1921 Lenin responded with the NEP
It was an attempt to rebuild agri. and industry thru a free market system
The NEP worked and Lenin seemed ready to return to Marxist principles
But his health deteriorated after a 1922 stroke, and he died in 1924
This created a power vacuum and a struggle between Trotsky and Stalin

33. Leon Trotsky intellectual, head of the Red Army
favored the doctrine of World Revolution
the USSR could not survive as the sole communist state
the USSR must therefore seek to “export” revolution.
as a doctrinaire communist he opposed the NEP

34. Josef Stalin favored “Socialism in One Country”
the USSR should strengthen itself and lead the communist world by example
as a pragmatist, he supported the NEP
experienced as a bureaucrat, he became the Party’s General Secretary in 1922: here he appointed many apparatchiks (these allies were crucial to Stalin’s rise)
Apparatus of the communist party
Professional politicians
their power struggle lasted until 1928, when Stalin was able to maneuver into a position of power and defeat his enemies, particularly Trotsky

38. Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR
Trotsky was forced into exile and eventually murdered with an ice pick by Stalin’s agents in Mexico City in 1940
Stalin’s rule saw the emergence of totalitarianism in the USSR
Stalin condemned all deviation from “the party line”
His style of leadership was that of an “office dictator” who did not rely on his personality but on his party officials

39. Totalitarianism Comrade Stalin takes over in a “revolution from above”

40. TOTALITARIANISM: State control of all aspects of life and society
What are the main instruments/institutions involved of each of these methods?
Terror (military, secret police)
Indoctrination (schools, family, youth groups)
Propaganda and censorship (media, news outlets)
Religious or ethnic persecution (church, political parties)

41. Propaganda

42. Terror-Purges/NKVD (Secret Police)
Of the 26, by the end of “The Revolution” & Stalin’s time in power:
½ (13) were killed intentionally or died in prison.
3 died in the Civil War
1 suicide
8 from “natural causes”
Only 2 outlived Stalin

43. Stalin’s paranoia wouldn’t rest
Stalin began the Purges in 1934 when his deputy Sergei Kirov was murdered
Stalin cracked down on potential opposition Anyone perceived as a threat was forced to confess in public trials and then executed/shipped to a gulag (labor camp)
Millions disappeared during this time; the party leadership and army officer corps was especially decimated

44. The Gulag System—Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel'no-trudovykh LAGerei
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn—“The Gulag Archipelago” 1973
Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Labor Settlements

45. Soviet path to industrialization
Stalin’s 5-year plans emphasized “heavy industry” to catch to the West
Industrial production boomed , up by 700 percent in the 1930s
Collective farms established in an effort to increase agricultural production

46. Industrialization Stalin Style
Industrial growth was stunning, but it was achieved by diverting consumption from consumer goods
people’s standard of-living declined
the plan focused on large megaprojects such as dams, factories, not consumer goods
living conditions also deteriorated: overcrowding, food and housing shortages
unrealistic production quotas were set, and tremendous sacrifices and ruthless methods were used to reach them
The state took food produced by collective farms to feed industrial workers in

47. Collectivization of Agriculture
Collectivization: grouping or pooling of farms to ensure a maximum production.
All the peasants worked on them while Communist party officials monitored their output.
Collectivization did not appeal to wealthier peasant farmers called, 'Kulaks' who did not want to share their livelihood and wealth with others. Most Kulaks were killed or sent to work camps in Siberia because they began burning their farms in an attempt to rebel against the policy.
By 1932, 62% of all peasants were successfully collectivized.

48. Human costs of this policy: Ukraine Famine 1932-1933

49. Holodomor: “Killing by hunger”
5- 7 million dead.
Economic policy? or
Genocide? (Deliberate targeting of Ukrainians—see map, known for their “independent” beliefs)
Why did the Holodomor occur?
Grain was diverted to feed industrial workers
Grain sold to other countries (exported) so that the Soviet Union can gain cash.

50. Holodomor: “Killing by hunger” 1932-33(?)
Geno+cide (1944) WWII
“race” Greek+ “killer” Latin
Völkermeuchelnden (German)
Englished in 1893 as “folk- murdering”
from Populicide (French Revolution)
1929—Ukrainian farmers are successful, yet “rebellious” farmers (kulaks)
1930—dekulakization policies—armed confiscation, and “relocation” leads to ~1.5 million Ukrainians being moved (or dead…)
—Stalin increases the quotas for Ukrainian farms—crops to the state before the people.
“…teach a lesson through famine” although Stalin denies any famine to other world powers
1933: FDR formally recognizes Stalin’s govt & negotiates a trade agreement.

51. Stalin was able to do this, unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t was firmly in place and all opposition had been eliminated/reduced through state terror/propaganda
Stalin combined communism and dictatorship in this time, setting the tone for future communist leaders
By 1941, the USSR was one of the top 3 economic powers in the world (Germany and USA were the others)

52. Indoctrination & Propaganda “Thank you, Comrade Stalin, for our happy childhood”

55. Trotsky is seen in the foreground with Lev Kamenev

56. Nikolai Yezhov

57. Russian/Soviet Dead in 20th Century
World War million
Civil War/famine million
Stalin’s purges/ Holodomor million
World War million
TOTAL million