1. Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, Peacebuilding

2. Peacekeeping
Keeping people from attacking each other by putting some kind of barrier between them
Often barrier is neutral soldiers (like UN or neutral nations)
Don’t do anything to settle differences or negotiate – only keep sides apart
Unsuccessful: UN peacekeeping mission in Rwanda – not enough people, unable to use force
Successful: United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) is a peace-keeping force established in September 2003 to monitor a ceasefire agreement in Liberia following the resignation of President Charles Taylor and the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War. The peacekeeping mission will formally withdraw on 30 March 2018.

3. Peacemaking Process of forging settlement between disputing parties
“Peaceful, diplomatic, judicial”
Might be direct negotiations between 2 parties or might use third-party mediator (like UN)
Increasing involvement of citizens in peacemaking
Unsuccessful: Attempts at a negotiated settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict-going back to Nixon and Henry Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy, Carter's mediation at Camp David, (which was successful between Egypt and Israel, but not regarding the Palestinian issue), the Oslo Accords, the Clinton administration's mediation efforts, and Bush's and later Obama's "Roadmap" to Peace.
Successful: Sudanese Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in 2005, which ended the second Sudanese Civil War, and paved the way for the referendum that ultimately gave South Sudan its independence in 2012.

4. Peacebuilding
Peacebuilding: long-term process of normalizing relations & reconciling differences between warring factions
Reintegrating combatants into civilian society; strengthening rule of law (training, local police, judicial/penal reform)
Improving respect for human rights (monitoring; education; investigation of abuses; assistance for elections, free media, etc)
Must promote conflict resolution, reconciliation techniques

5. Examples of Peacebuilding Strategies
Truth & Reconciliation Commissions
South Africa: after abolition of apartheid, 1994
Sierra Leone: after end of civil war; Truth and Reconciliation Commission operated
Courts
Cambodia Tribunal (Khmer Rouge Tribunal)- court created to try most senior members of Khmer Rouge for crimes/ int’l law violations during Cambodian genocide
South Africa- from beginning of ‘justice reconciliation’ documentary about TRC
Sierra Leone-
Khmer Rouge Tribunal-

6. Conflict Escalation & De-escalation
Oliver Ramsbotham

7. Old paper 2 question: Peacebuilding is arguably more important than peacemaking, yet it is given much less funding and attention. To what extent do you agree with this claim?