1. The World’s Leading Manufacturer of Chinese People
China
The World’s Leading Manufacturer of Chinese People

2. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Legitimacy
Dynastic Rule (ancient history – 1911)
Power passed through hereditary connections
“Mandate of Heaven” – collective ancestral wisdom guiding the empire from the heavens
When a family dynasty was perceived as weak, a rival family would challenge, claiming the emperor had lost the mandate

3. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Legitimacy
Revolution of 1911 and Chinese Republic
Dynastic cycles toppled due to European intrusion
Supposed to be democratic, but government was regularly challenged by regional warlords
Mao and the People’s Republic ( )
Mao Zedong and ideology of egalitarian Marxism
Mao himself served as the unifying source of legitimacy
Maoism insisted on “mass line” – leaders must listen to and stay connected to peasants

4. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Legitimacy
Modern China (1976-Present)
Legitimacy centers in the Politburo of the CCP
Central Military Commission within the CCP controls the military (another important source of legitimacy)

5. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Historical Traditions
Authoritarian Power – has always been ruled by a single emperor or a small group
Confucianism – emphasizes the importance of order and harmony, encourages Chinese people to submit to and obey authority
Also places responsibility on rulers to exercise power conscientiously (democratic centralism?)
Contradicts egalitarian Marxism

6. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Historical Traditions
Bureaucratic hierarchy based on scholarship – ruling elite are organized and selected based on academic exams
Government jobs have always been highly coveted
Created social separation between peasants and bureaucratic elite
The “Middle Kingdom” – belief that China is the center of civilization, and foreigners are perceived as inferiors with nothing to offer

7. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Historical Traditions
Communist ideologies – Maoism integrated ethics of Confucianism with egalitarianism, later revised by Deng Xiaoping to allow for privatization

8. Political Culture Geography Access to oceans and warm water ports
Many large navigable rivers
Major geographic divides between north and south
Geographic isolation of the western part
Separated from other countries by mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans

9. Note the abundance of cities in the Eastern portion
Note the abundance of cities in the Eastern portion. This is where the overwhelming majority of the Chinese live.

10. Political Culture Historical Eras
Dynastic Rule (Confucianism, ethnocentrism)
Resistance to Imperialism 19th Century (nationalism)
“foreign devils” – Europeans and Japanese who attempted to exploit China’s natural resources
Evidence of caution and suspicion of capitalist countries remains

12. Political Culture Historical Eras
Maoism (linked to Marxism/Leninism, but distinctly Chinese)
Collectivism – good of the community above the individual
Struggle and activism
Mass Line
Egalitarianism
Self-Reliance – don’t rely on elites, use your own talents to contribute to your community

13. Mao Zedong
Chairman of the CCP
Chairman of the Central Military Commission

14. Political Culture Historical Eras Deng Xiaoping Theory
“Black cat, white cat, who cares as long as it catches mice?”
Communist and capitalist ideologies were not important
What matters is improving the economy
Still emphasizes party supervision and control of all activity in the country

15. Deng Xiaoping
Chairman of the Central Military Commission

16. Political Culture Importance of Informal Relationships
Power and respect is not necessarily tied to official position in the party, but who has connections to whom
Early connections established during the Long March built later ruling cliques
Patron-client system exists amongst competing party factions
Policy changes can be predicted with knowledge of relationships to past leaders

17. Political and Economic Change
Long history of stability until 20th century mirrors Russia
Differs from Russia in having a much longer history of regional hegemony
Dynastic cycles dictated change until Mongols conquer China in 13th century
Mandate of heaven recaptured by Ming dynasty
Last dynasty was Qing (“pure”) from 17th century until it was toppled by European pressure in 20th

18. Political and Economic Change
Control by Imperialistic Nations
Qing dynasty weakened and China was carved into “spheres of influence” by England, Germany, France, and Japan (foreign devils)
Revolutionary Upheaval ( )
Nationalism – Sun Yat-sen leads a nationalist revolution reestablishing independent China in 1911
Establishment of a new political community
Chiang Kai-shek founds the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang or KMT)
Mao Zedong founds the CCP
Socioeconomic Development – modeled after Soviets, then Chiang becomes president and breaks with them, outlawing the CCP

19. Chiang Kai-Shek
Chairman of the Nationalist Government of China, ,
Director General of Kuomintang,

20. Political and Economic Change
The Long March ( )
Chiang’s Nationalist army pursued Mao’s army across China to depose and exile communists
Mao eluded him and used the time traveling to spread his message to Chinese peasants
Mao becomes a national hero, people involved in the Long March become prominent in government of the People’s Republic

21. Political and Economic Change
Founding of the People’s Republic of China ( )
Occupied by Japan until end of WWII
Civil War between Kuomintang and CCP
Chiang flees to Taiwan, Mao establishes People’s Republic on mainland, both claim to be the true government of China (“Two Chinas”)

22. Political and Economic Change
Founding of the People’s Republic of China ( )
Soviet model of political/economic development ( )
Land reform – redistribution of property
Civil reform – attempted to end opium addiction and expand women’s rights (like the right to leave an unhappy arranged marriage)
Five-Year Plans – nationalization of industry and collectivization of agriculture

23. Political and Economic Change
Founding of the People’s Republic of China ( )
Great Leap Forward ( )
Attempt to end Soviet domination of China
All-around development of agriculture and industry
Mass mobilization – turn the Chinese population into an asset through motivation and harder work
Political unanimity and zeal – party workers began running government, not bureaucrats
Cadres – low level party workers expected to demonstrate Party devotion by motivating hard work
Decentralization – more local, less central control

24. Political and Economic Change
The Cultural Revolution ( )
From , Mao allowed Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping to institute market reforms
Dissatisfied with results, decided to radically transform China and remove all vestiges of hierarchy and inequality
Principles
Ethic of struggle
Mass line
Collectivism
Egalitarianism
Unstinting service to society
Destroyed universities and libraries, scholars were sent to the fields to work and “learn” from peasants
Elementary education designed to create equality and loyalty to Mao

25. Signs from the Cultural Revolution
“Destroy the Old World, Build a New World”

26. Signs from the Cultural Revolution
“Let new socialistic culture conquer every stage”
Features Jiang Qing (Mao’s wife), who led the Cultural Revolution Group of the Politburo

27. Signs from the Cultural Revolution
“We will crash the dog heads of those who oppose Chairman Mao!”

28. Political and Economic Change
Death of Mao (1976)
Followers in CCP divided into 3 factions
Radicals – led by Mao’s wife Jiang Qing, continued supporting goals of Cultural Revolution
“Gang of Four” – group of radicals who controlled CCP policy toward the end of Mao’s life
Military – had been led by Lin Biao, Mao’s designated successor, but he died in a mysterious plane crash in 1971
Rumors of an attempted coup around same time
Moderates – led by Zhou Enlai, emphasized economic modernization and limited contact with the West
Factions were built on ideology and personal connection (guanxi)

29. Jiang Qing First Lady of the PRC, 1939-1976
Leader of the Radical faction of the CCP

30. Lin Biao
Vice-Premier of the PRC,

31. Zhou Enlai Premier of the PRC, 1949-1976
Leader of the moderate faction of the CCP

32. Political and Economic Change
Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations ( )
CCP leader Hua Guofeng arrests the “Gang of Four” radicals, opening the door for moderates to take control
Deng takes power in 1978 (without official title of Chairman of CCP), modernizing:
Industry
Agriculture
Science
The Military

33. Political and Economic Change
Deng Xiaoping’s Four Modernizations ( )
“Open Door” trade policy – trade with everyone, including capitalist U.S. if it will benefit Chinese economy
Expansion of higher education, raised academic standards
Institutionalization of the Revolution – reconciled revolutionary goals with legal system and bureaucracy of Old China, decentralized government

34. Deng Xiaoping, later in life
Cryptkeeper,
(Just kidding)

35. Reform Under Deng Xiaoping (1979-1997)
What specific reforms did Deng make to the Chinese economic system?
How did these reforms transform China’s economy and society?
In what ways did China remain unchanged by Deng’s reforms?

36. “A good cat is not a black cat or a white cat
“A good cat is not a black cat or a white cat. A good cat is a cat that catches mice.”
- Deng Xiaoping

37. Four Modernizations
“The Four Modernizations” – Agriculture, Defense, Industry, Science/Technology

38. The Democracy Wall
The Democracy Wall Movement , “Beijing Spring”, news reporting and freedom of speech along a wall in the city, demanding reevaluation of the Cultural Revolution and questioning the wisdom of party leaders. “The Fifth Modernization” – Democracy!

41. Deng’s Reforms (1979-1992) Town Village Enterprises (TVEs)
Industry Reform – production based on supply and demand, not direction of Party leaders
Opening to foreign trade and investment, creation of Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Reopening universities and encouraging education
Allowing startup of new small businesses
TVEs allowed peasants to make their own decisions about farming collectively or individually, and allowed peasants to keep profits from produce

44. GDP Growth

45. 1989 – Tiananmen Square

50. Jiang Zemin President of the PRC, 1993-2003
General Secretary of the CCP,
Chairman of the Central Military Commission,

51. Hu Jintao President of the PRC, 2003-2013
General Secretary of the CCP, 2002–2012
Chairman of the Central Military Commission,
Orderly, struggle free succession indicated stability in CCP practices

52. Xi Jinping President of the PRC 2013 – Present
General Secretary of the CCP 2012 – Present
Chairman of the Central Military Commission Present

53. Summary of “Generations” of Chinese Leadership
1st Generation – Mao Zedong ( )
2nd Generation – Deng Xiaoping (1978 – 1992)
3rd Generation – Jiang Zemin ( )
4th Generation – Hu Jintao (2002 – 2012)
5th Generation – Xi Jinping (2012 – Present)

54. Citizens, Society, and the State
Cleavages
Ethnicity
Population is over 90% Han Chinese
Minorities live primarily in autonomous areas (like Tibet and Xinjiang)
These areas are 60% of Chinese territory
Long history of resistance to Chinese government
Tibetans – government never recognized Chinese government authority after conquest
Uighurs – Muslim separatists in Xingjiang near Afghanistan
Government usually encourages economic development, while suppressing expression of dissent

55. Han Chinese
Tibetan
Uighur

57. Citizens, Society, and the State
Cleavages
Urban vs. Rural
Redefinition of “Two Chinas” – differences in economic prosperity and lifestyle

61. Citizens, Society, and the State
Political Participation
The Chinese Communist Party
2nd largest political party in the world, million members (6% of all Chinese citizens)
CCP Youth League has 75 million members, can apply at age 18 for full membership
Cadres of Mao have been replaced by technocrats under Deng’s reforms
Technocrat – people with appropriate technical skills and training to work in bureaucracy
Jiang opened party membership to capitalists to “better represent all of China” (2001)
Party is not ideological, but an instrument through which people can advance their personal situation

63. Citizens, Society, and the State
Political Participation
Civil Society
Control of party has loosened with new technology (cell phones, internet, satellite dishes, etc.)
Many new associational groups dedicated to individual issues springing up
Ex. Environmental groups protesting dam construction
Won’t “win”, but still demonstrate ability to organize without government
Beijing allowed NGOs to register with government in 1990s
Still closely watched by government (especially religious and human rights movements)
Ex. Falun Gong, banned in China

67. Citizens, Society, and the State
Political Participation
Protests
Allowed to an extent, but met with severe crackdown if the party’s authority is called into question
Tiananmen Square (1989)
Protest by students for democratic reform, eventually attracted many other civil society groups
Spread to many other areas of China than Beijing
Deng ordered People’s Liberation Army (PLA) expel the protesters from the Square, resulting in massacre
Recently focused on corruption in government, growing cause of concern for CCP

68. Parents of Victims Protest after the Sichuan Earthquake, 2008
The Sichuan Earthquake killed almost 70,000 Chinese,

70. China is recently engaged in an anti-corruption crackdown

75. What do Chinese people blame for unclean food scandals?

76. What are Chinese people most worried about as “very big problems”?

77. Political Institutions
CCP Organization
Geographic hierarchy with a “People’s Congress” at every level
National
Province
County
Village/Township
Power concentrated at the national level in Politburo and General Secretary
Promotion up to higher levels based on nomenklatura

79. National Leadership Structure
Politburo Standing
Committee
7 members
Gen. Secretary
President
Chairman CMC
National Leadership Structure
Politburo
24 members
Central Committee
-340 members
-Meet once a year
National Party Congress
More than 2000 members
Chosen from lower level
Congresses
-Meets once every 5 years

80. Political Institutions
Other political parties
Eight “democratic” parties are allowed to exist
Each based on a special group, like intellectuals, businessmen, etc.
Total membership of half a million people
Serve an advisory role to CCP, non-oppositional
Other attempts at independent party formation result in harsh prison sentences
Elections (yes, elections)
CCP runs elections to help legitimacy
Party reviews candidate list to eliminate objectionable ones
Only held at local level of government, deputies for county People’s Congresses, town and village officials (since 1980’s)

81. Political Institutions
The Political Elite
Personal connection, “guanxi,” holds politics together
Elite recruitment occurs through nomenklatura – higher party leaders choose leaders at lower levels to move up
Patron-client network throughout government

82. Political Institutions
Factions within CCP
Conservatives – believe power of government has eroded too much, support crackdowns on independent thinkers… out of power since death of Mao
Reformers/Open Door – support capitalist infusion, pushed for WTO membership and expansion of trade with U.S… in power since Deng
Jiang, Hu, and Xi all come from this faction
Liberals – support political liberalization, out of power since Tiananmen in 1989
Premier Zhao Ziyang ousted for sympathizing with protesters
Fang-shou – cyclical tendency of factions to grow and fade in power, similar to dynastic cycles

83. China Still Does 5 Year Plans
And this really bizarre English language video from the Chinese government can tell you more

84. Public Policy Concerns – Air Pollution

85. Public Policy Concerns - Demographics
The “4-2-1” Problem