1. Aspects of Affective Forecasting
Then: The Peak-End Model of Memory for Experienced Utility
Psychology 466: Judgment & Decision Making Instructor: John Miyamoto 11/21/2017: Lecture 09-1
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2. Lecture probably ends here
Outline
Affective forecasting - what is it?
Examples of affective forecasting
Focusing illusion
Impact bias
Duration bias
Immune neglect
Integration of pain and pleasure over time: The Peak-End Model of Experienced Utility
Time permitting: Empathy gaps in affective forecasting
Lecture probably ends here
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Definition of Affective Forecasting

3. Affective Forecasting
Affective forecasting: Predicting how you will feel about an outcome or experience.
Same Slide with Possible Answers to the Question: Why Affective Forecasting is Difficult?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

4. Affective Forecasting: Why Is It Difficult?
Affective forecasting: Predicting how you will feel about an outcome or experience.
Why do people have difficulty with affective forecasting?
People have incomplete or inaccurate self-theories.
Response to novel experiences is hard to anticipate.
Affective set point – overall happiness/unhappiness is determined by internal personal factors.
People sometimes fail to take this into account.
People are unaware of the influence of cognitive factors:
Focusing illusion & impact bias
Duration neglect, immune neglect
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Focusing Illusion - Definition and Example

5. Focusing Illusion
Focusing illusion – if attention is focused on some but not all of the attributes (aspects/issues) of an option, these attributes are likely to be overweighted in predictions of affect.
Example: Schwarz et al. asked 2 questions to college students:
How happy are you?
(ii) How many dates did you have last month?
Correlation between answers was .12 when asked in the order (i), then (ii).
Correlation between answers was .66 when asked in the order (ii), then (i) .
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Focalism - Definition

6. Focusing Illusion
Focusing illusion – if attention is focused on some but not all of the attributes (aspects/issues) of an option, these attributes are likely to be overweighted in predictions of affect.
Focalism: The tendency to exaggerate the effect of circumstances when we predict the effect of these circumstances. .
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Anticipated Quality of Life in Midwest or California

7. Is Life Better in California (or Does It Just Look That Way)?
Schkade & Kahneman (1998): S&K Subjects were 992 students at midwestern universities and 1,002 students at southern California universities.
Dependent Variables:
Rate importance of a series of dimension for yourself and for “someone like you” who attends University X.
X = a California university for a midwestern student and a midwestern university for a California student.
Dimensions: Job prospects, academic opportunities, financial situation, personal safety, outdoor activities, weather, ....
These ratings are used to determine the students’ theory of what determines life satisfaction.
Rate overall quality of life for self and for “someone like you” who attends University X.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Graph of Importance of Dimensions

8. Results for Importance of Dimensions Schkade & Kahneman, Figure 2
Midwestern and California students had similar importance ratings.
Notice: “Job Prospects” & “Academic Opportunity” rated much more important for well-being than weather.
Results for Michigan/California Quality of Life on Various Dimensions
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

9. Results for Quality of Life on Various Dimensions
Schkade & Kahneman (1998): S&K
Rated Quality of Non-Weather Dimensions: California – Midwest differences were small or zero
Non-Weather Dimensions: Job prospects, academic opportunity, financial situation, personal safety, social life, outdoor activities, natural beauty, cultural opportunities
Rated Quality of Weather Dimension: California – Midwest difference was very large, (Both California and midwest students agreed that California had much better weather.)
Weather Dimensions: Overall climate, summer weather, winter weather
Cal & midwest ratings were very similar for the quality of job prospects, academic opportunities, social life, etc.
Cal & midwest ratings large in the direction of favoring Cal for weather.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Results for Actual and Predicted Satisfaction of Living in Midwest or California

10. Results for Actual & Predicted Satisfaction
Schkade & Kahneman (1998): S&K
Actual Satisfaction: Cal and midwest students were equally satisfied with life;
Predicted Satisfaction for “Someone like Them” in the Other Region: Both groups predict that "someone like them" would be more satisfied if living in California.
Mediation analysis shows that weather accounts for rated difference in life quality in midwest and California.
S&K’s Interpretation: People suffer from a focusing illusion;
Weather is salient in the comparison of California versus the Midwest. the true impact of weather on satisfaction is much less than its predicted impact.
Cal & midwest ratings were very similar for the quality of job prospects, academic opportunities, social life, etc.
Cal & midwest ratings large in the direction of favoring Cal for weather.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Women’s Predictions About the Impact of Wealth on Mood

11. Women’s Predictions About the Impact of Wealth on Mood
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2006). Would you be happier if you were richer? A focusing illusion. Science, 312,
Participants were working women. Between subjects design.
Questions Asked:
stated the percentage of time they were in a bad mood on the preceding day, and ....
predicted the percentage of time in a bad mood experienced by a woman similar to themselves who had high incomes or low incomes.
(Similar question for married/single, health insurance/no health insurance, ...)
Since some of the women did have income < $20,000 or > $100,000, or were alone or married, etc., we also have the actual self-rating of time in a bad mood.
UW Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
How Would You Feel If You Were ____? - Results

12. Women’s Predictions About the Impact of Wealth on Mood
N > 59 in all cases
Results for Household Income
Actual Difference = = 12.2
Predicted Difference = =
UW Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Same Slide with All Results Displayed

13. Women’s Predictions About the Impact of Wealth on Mood
N > 59 in all cases
In general, ACTUAL difference < PREDICTED difference
The contrast between good and bad circumstances was exaggerated. (Good and bad circumstances do have an effect, but not as much as predicted.)
Result explained by focalism – we exaggerate the predicted effects of variables that we focus on.
Same Slide with No Emphasis Rectangles
UW Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

14. Women’s Predictions About the Impact of Wealth on Mood
N > 59 in all cases
In general, ACTUAL difference < PREDICTED difference
The contrast between good and bad circumstances was exaggerated. (Good and bad circumstances do have an effect, but not as much as predicted.)
Result explained by focalism – we exaggerate the predicted effects of variables that we focus on.
Same Slide with Sample Sizes Added to It
UW Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

15. A Note re Sample Sizes for this Study
Sample Sizes Actual Predicted
N > 59 in all cases
Sample sizes were large enough to produce reliable results.
Focusing Illusion – Summary - END
UW Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

16. Focusing Illusion - Summary
Focusing on any one aspect of a larger situation exaggerates its impact on the hedonic response to the situation.
"Nothing in life is quite as important as you think it is while you are thinking about it."
Schkade and Kahneman (1998)
We often focus on changes. Hence, we often exaggerate the impact of changes.
Distinguish between the short-term and long-term impact of changes.
Long-term impact of changes is the experience of a stable, non-changing state (more or less).
Focusing illusion is relevant when we attempt to anticipate the value of a change in circumstance.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Impact Bias, Durability Bias, & Immune Neglect

17. Impact Bias, Durability Bias, & Immune Neglect
Impact bias – overestimation of the intensity and duration of affect following a salient event.
Durability bias: We think that events will have longer lasting emotional impacts than they do.
Immune neglect: We tend to overlook circumstances that help us to adjust to major changes
Examples
Students overestimate how unhappy they would be 2 months after the break up of a romantic relationship.
Professors overestimate how unhappy they would be 5 years after being denied tenure.
Questions for JM:
Do impact bias & durability bias describe the impact of events that have persistent consequences?
Contrast (a) the impact and durability of the disappointment from asking someone out and getting turned down, and (b) the impact and durability of getting fired from a job (assuming the economy is bad and it will be hard to get another job).
Perhaps (a) will show more impact bias and durability bias than (b) because in (b), the consequences of being fired continue to occur over time, whereas in (a) the consequences occur only at the initial event (turned down), but do not persist.
Note that the effects of colostomy are lasting and persistent, but people over-estimate the negative impact of colostomy. In the colostomy example, people under estimate their ability to adjust (immune neglect).
Mellers & McGraw: Women at Planned Parenthood who are waiting to find out if they are pregnant except a much stronger emotional response to their learning the outcome than the response that they report when in fact they learn the outcome.
Assistant professors expect a stronger emotional response to finding out whether or not they get tenure than they actually experience.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Why do these effects happen?

18. What Could Cause Impact Bias and Durability Bias
Focalism – focusing illusion exaggerates impact of a focal event.
People confuse the initial short-term emotional impact of an event with its long-term effect.
How would you feel about breaking up with X right after breaking up? How would you feel three months later?
Immune neglect: Underestimation of personal adaptation
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response

19. Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i. e
Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i.e., It Delays Adaptation
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., Kermer, D. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). The pleasures of uncertainty: Prolonging positive moods in ways people do not anticipate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1),
Experimenter 1 approaches student in library. Gives him/her a $1 coin plus the top card (condition 1) or the bottom card (condition 2).
What Happens Next in this Experiment
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

20. Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i. e
Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i.e., It Delays Adaptation
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., Kermer, D. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). The pleasures of uncertainty: Prolonging positive moods in ways people do not anticipate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 5-21.
Experimenter 1 approaches student in library. Gives him/her a $1 coin plus the top card (condition 1) or the bottom card (condition 2).
5 minutes later, Experimenter 2 approaches same student and gives him/her a questionnaire: Subjects rate their global mood, and particular moods like cheerfulness, frustration, etc.) .
Hypotheses For This Experiment
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

21. Main Hypothesis: Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i. e
Main Hypothesis: Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i.e., It Delays Adaptation
Top card – Unclear about reasons for this experience (receiving $1).
Subjects receiving top card will be uncertain about the experience (what just happened?).
Bottom card – More clear about reasons for the experience.
Uncertainty prolongs the emotional state created by the experience.
Therefore 5 minutes later, subjects receiving the top card (condition 1) should rate themselves as being in a better mood, happier, etc., than people in condition 2.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Results of the Experiment

22. Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i. e
Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response, i.e., It Delays Adaptation
Results:
Participants who received the top card were in better moods than people who received the bottom card.
Uncertainty about how to interpret an experience prolongs the emotional response to the experience. Why?
Emotional response to experience is maintained while the cognitive interpretation of the experience is incomplete.
Uncertainty forces deeper cognitive processing of the experience, or at least, continued cognitive processing of the experience.
Note relevance of the slogan: "Practice random acts of kindness!"
Should We Practice Random Acts of Kindness?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

23. Bumper Sticker: "Practice Random Acts of Kindness!"
Quotation from Wikipedia article ( )
"The phrase
"Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty"
may have been coined by peace activist Anne Herbert. Herbert says she wrote it on a place mat at a Sausalito restaurant in 1982 or 1983." [italics & boldface added] Alternative version:
"Practice random acts of kindness and senseless acts of beauty"
Is this an effective strategy?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Colostomy Study: Uncertainty Can Prevent Adaptation

24. Adaptation: Colostomy Example
From Wikipedia ( downloaded 11/24/09).
A colostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting a part of the colon onto the anterior [front] abdominal wall, leaving the patient with an opening on the abdomen called a stoma After a colostomy, feces leave the patient's body through the abdomen. A colostomy may be permanent or temporary, depending on the reasons for its use.
See: ‘E:\pprs\utility\SmithDM Happily Hopeless - Adaptation t Permanent v Temporary Disability.pdf’ for the publication of this finding.
See: 'D:\pprs\utility\GilbertD What We Don't Know Makes Us Nervous.doc' for an interesting commentary on this issue.
OBSOLETE (now it is published): The original finding is in an unpublished and hard to obtain manuscript: Smith, D. M., Loewenstein, G., Jankovich, A., & Ubel, P. A. (2007). The dark side of hope: Lack of adaptation to temporary versus permanent colostomy. Unpublished manuscript.
See also Ubel, P. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2008). Pain and suffering awards: They shouldn't be (just) about pain and suffering. Journal of Legal Studies, 37,
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Experimental Demo That Uncertainty Prolongs the Emotional Response

25. Colostomy Study & Psychological Adaptation
Two types of colostomy patients:
Those who know that this is a permanent health outcome.
Those who still have a chance that they will recover and no longer need the external waste bag
Only the first group (a) shows adaptation (quality of life returns to pre-colonoscopy levels). Group (b) does not adapt.
Message 1: Get over it and move on! Message 2: Hope has a downside. (Smith et al., The dark side of hope, 2007)
See: 'D:\pprs\utility\GilbertD What We Don't KNow Makes Us Nervous.doc' for an interesting commentary on this issue.
The original finding is in an unpublished and hard to obtain manuscript: Smith, D. M., Loewenstein, G., Jankovich, A., & Ubel, P. A. (2007). The dark side of hope: Lack of adaptation to temporary versus permanent colostomy. Unpublished manuscript.
See also Ubel, P. A., & Loewenstein, G. (2008). Pain and suffering awards: They shouldn't be (just) about pain and suffering. Journal of Legal Studies, 37,
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
How Can We Improve Our Ability to Predict Our Emotions?

26. How can we improve our ability to anticipate our own feelings?
Avoid focalism – look at the big picture.
Distinguish between:
how we would feel immediately after an event or learning about an outcome, and ...
how we would feel after some time has passed and we have adjusted to the new state of things.
Remember that we can adapt to a new situation (provided that we are in the right frame of mind to do so).
Remember that uncertainty can prolong (and intensify?) the pleasure or pain of an experience.
Falling in love is a stronger emotional experience than being in love. Why?
Worry & anxiety – negative responses to uncertainty. Example: Waiting for the results of a medical test.
Savoring and anticipation: The pleasure of looking forward to a pleasant event.
The comments about worry & anxiety (negative) and savoring (positive) aren't exactly the same as uncertainty about a negative or positive outcome, but it is related to the costs and benefits of mental processing.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Some Questions About Feelings

27. Some Questions about Feelings
Falling in love is a stronger emotional experience than being in love. Why?
Worry & anxiety – negative responses to uncertainty. Example: Waiting for the results of a medical test.
Savoring and anticipation: The pleasure of looking forward to a pleasant event.
The comments about worry & anxiety (negative) and savoring (positive) aren't exactly the same as uncertainty about a negative or positive outcome, but it is related to the costs and benefits of mental processing.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
References

28. References
Gilbert, D. T. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. New York: Knopf.
Writing style sounds casual, but the quality of scholarship is high.
Other References
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978). Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 917–927.
Gilbert, D. T., & Ebert, J. E. J. (2002). Decisions and revisions: The affective forecasting of changeable outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82,
Gilbert, D.T., Pinel, E.C., Wilson, T.C., Blumberg, S.J., & Wheatley, T.P. (1998). Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 , 617–638.
Mellers, B.A., & McGraw, A.P. (2001). Anticipated emotions as guides to choice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10, 210–214.
Schkade, D.A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy? Psychological Science , 9 , 340–346.
Schwarz, N. (1996). Cognition and communication: judgmental biases, research methods, and the logic of conversation. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wilson,T.D., & Gilbert, D.T. (2003). Affective forecasting. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 35, pp. 345–411). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Decision Utility versus Experienced Utility

29. Decision Utility versus Experienced Utility
Decision Utility: Judgments made prior to or at the time of a decision regarding the utility of future outcomes.
Experienced Utility: Judgments made during or after the experience of an outcome regarding the value of the outcome.
Next: How do we evaluate the experienced utility of pain and pleasure that is experienced over time.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Graphical Representation of Sequences of Pain or Pleasure

30. Which Sequence Will Be Remembered as “More” Pleasurable or Painful?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Same Slide without the Red Lines

31. Which Sequence Will Be Remembered as “More” Pleasurable or Painful?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Claims of the Peak-End Model

32. Claims of the Peak-End Model for Experienced Utility
Memories of pleasure or pain are dominated by ....
the peak of the experience (the best or the worst moment) and ...
the end of the experience (how you felt right before the end of the experience).
The memory of pain or pleasure is not a summary of the moment-by- moment experience.
The memory of the pain or pleasure does not integrate the total pain or total pleasure of the experience
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Experimental Studies of the Peak-End Model - Colonoscopy

33. Peak-End Model: Colonoscopy Example
Redelmeier, D., & Kahneman, D. (1996). Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain, 66, 3–8.
Colonoscopy: Endoscopic examination of the colon by means of a fiber optic or CCD camera attached to a flexible tube that is passed through the anus. ( 11/25/2008)
Patient may be partially sedated. Depending on sedation, patient may feel considerable discomfort and pain, and remember these feelings.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Design of Colonoscopy Study

34. Peak-End Model: Colonoscopy Example
Redelmeier, D., & Kahneman, D. (1996). Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain, 66, 3–8.
Affect Meter: Hand-held device used to record patient’s rating of current pain.
Patients made pain ratings once per minute.
Figure to the right: Pain ratings of patients A and B.
After the procedure was over, …
… patient rated overall discomfort.
… one month later, patient again rated overall discomfort.
… physician was asked to predict how a patient would rate the overall discomfort.
In Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996), patient could see visual analog rating of pain on a screen, i.e., whatever was the patient’s current rating was displayed fo the patient to see.
For some patients, the patient made no pain ratings but a research assistant rated apparent pain (control for rating process affecting perception of pain.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Results of Colonoscopy Study

35. Peak-End Model: Colonoscopy Example
Redelmeier, D., & Kahneman, D. (1996). Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: Real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures. Pain, 66, 3–8.
Possible predictors of overall pain:
Peak pain – pain at the worst moment
End pain – pain at the end of the procedure
Total pain – area under the curve of the pain profile
Average pain – average pain over all ratings
Duration of pain – duration of any painful experience
RESULTS
Overall pain was predicted by peak pain and end pain.
Other variables (total pain, average pain, duration of pain) added very little to the predictability of overall pain.
In Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996), patient could see visual analog rating of pain on a screen, i.e., whatever was the patient’s current rating was displayed fo the patient to see.
For some patients, the patient made no pain ratings but a research assistant rated apparent pain (control for rating process affecting perception of pain.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Follow Up Study With Random Assignment to Short & Long Procedures

36. Peak-End Model: Another Colonoscopy Study
Redelmeier, D. A., Katz, J., & Kahneman, D. (2003). Memories of colonoscopy: A randomized trial. Pain, 104, 187–194.
Similar to previous study except this study had an additional experimental condition.
Colonoscopy patients were randomly assigned to a short or long procedure.
Short Procedure: The standard colonoscopy.
Long Procedure: The standard colonoscopy followed by a short period (approx. 3 minutes) during which the tip of the colonoscope remained in the rectum. This is uncomfortable but not as uncomfortable as the standard colonoscopy.
Result: Patients who received the Long Procedure rated it as significantly less painful and overall less aversive than patients who received the Short Procedure.
Fredrickson/Kahneman Video Clips Study
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17

37. Peak-End Model: Video Clips Example
Fredrickson, B. L., & Kahneman, D. (1993). Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 45–55.
Subjects see video clips of pleasant (e.g., penguins playing) or unpleasant (e.g., an amputation) scenes.
Each video clip has a long and short version (long version is 3 times longer than short version).
As subject watches each video clip, subject rates moment-by-moment pleasure/pain on an “affect meter” (small device that records ratings from -7 = maximum pain, to +7 = maximum pleasure).
Immediately after end of each video clip, subject rates global pleasure/pain.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Results for Video Clips Example

38. Peak-End Model: Results for Video Clips Example
Question: Is global pleasure/pain a weighted sum of every moment of pleasure/pain, or is it only a function of the peak and end pleasure/pain?
Answer: Global pleasure/pain is predicted by peak and end only.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Temporary Summary of Peak-End Model Results

39. Claims of the Peak-End Model for Experienced Utility
Memories of pleasure or pain are dominated by ....
the peak of the experience (the best or the worst moment) and ...
the end of the experience (how you felt right before the end of the experience).
The memory of pain or pleasure is not a summary of the moment-by- moment experience. In particular, …
… total pain is not an important predictor.
… duration of pain is not an important predictor.
Yes, but ….
… do ratings really predict decisions (choice behavior)?
Would you get the same result if people had to choose between a shorter and longer experience that were matched for peak and duration?
As shown by the colonoscopy studies of Redelmeier & Kahneman (1996) and Fredrickson & Kahneman (1993).
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Choice Study – Painful Arm Study

40. Peak-End Model: The “Painful Arm” Experiment
Fact: It can be quite painful to have your arm submerged in cold water for some length of time.
Day 1: Subjects either do Short Condition 1st, and Long Condition 2nd, or vice versa.
Short Condition: Subjects have left or right arm submerged in 57 F water for 60 seconds.
Long Condition: Subjects have opposite arm submerged in 57 F water for 60 seconds, followed by 30 second period when the temperature increases by 1 degree per second.
After performing on Day 1, subjects are given choice to repeat the Short Condition or the Long Condition on Day 2.
Which Condition will subjects prefer to repeat on Day 2?
Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, D. L., Schreiber, C. A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (1993). When more pain is preferred to less: Adding a better end. Psychological Science, 4, 401–405.
* The two conditions are separated by 7 minutes activity on a different task.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Results of Painful Arm Experiment

41. Results: The “Painful Arm” Experiment
Results: 22 of 32 (69%) preferred to repeat the Long Condition.
During the Long Condition, some subjects reported no improvement (no improvement subjects) and others reported at least 2 rating points of improvement (improvement subjects).
17 of 21 (81%) "improvement" subjects chose the Long Condition.
6 of 11 (55%) "no improvement" subjects chose the Long Condition.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Summary of Peak-End Model Results - Possible END

42. Claims of the Peak-End Model for Experienced Utility
Memories of pleasure or pain are dominated by ....
the peak of the experience (the best or the worst moment) and ...
the end of the experience (how you felt right before the end of the experience).
The memory of pain or pleasure is not a summary of the moment- by-moment experience. In particular, …
… total pain is not an important predictor.
… duration of pain is not an important predictor.
Discussion Question: Should you make choices that maximize your total pleasure or choices that maximize your remembered pleasure?
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Thanksgiving Day Suggestion

43. Enhancing Your Thanksgiving Day Experience
# 1: Make sure that the best moment of the day is very good. # 2: Make sure to end the day on a good note.
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17
Possible END Or Discuss Empathy Gaps

44. Tuesday, 21 November, 2017: The Lecture Ended Here
Psych 466, Miyamoto, Aut '17