1. Introducing the BRAIN and Spinal Cord

2. Teachers in Residence Programme Carmel Rourke and Ann McGreevy
Brain and Spinal Cord
Parkinson’s Disease
Adaptable for both Primary and Secondary school
IMAGE- GREY’S ANATOMY
Teachers in Residence Programme
Carmel Rourke and Ann McGreevy

3. What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
What Do We Want to Know?
What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
What is a neuron?
What is dopamine?
What are some treatments for Parkinson’s Disease?
Design a medical device that could be used in the brain.
How is a message transmitted?
Complete The K and W parts of the KWL Chart
Class discussion around Parkinson’s disease.
What is it?
What are the symptoms?

4. Neuron-Nerve Cell
Cell Body
Dendrite
Axon

5. Neurons Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter
The region where two neurons meet is called the synapse
There is a gap between the neurons and the message must get across this gap
Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, carry the messages across the gaps
Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter
Neurons

6. How does the message travel from the brain to muscles?
How Dopamine Carries a Message
How does the message travel from the brain to muscles?
Brain
Muscle
Images:

7. Neurons at a Synapse Brain Muscle Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Presynaptic neuron
vesicles
Postsynaptic neuron
receptors
Brain
Synapse
Muscle

8. Result: Muscles move properly
Dopamine at a Synapse
= Dopamine
Brain
Muscle
Dopamine starts at the vesicles of the presynaptic neuron
Travels across the synapse, and
Is received by the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron
Result: Muscles move properly

9. If Dopamine Levels are Too Low Result: Muscles do not move properly
Brain
Muscle ?
Low levels of dopamine start at the vesicles of the presynaptic neuron
Travel across the synapse, and
Not enough is received by the receptors of the postsynaptic neuron
Result: Muscles do not move properly

10. Demonstration: Students Act as Neuron Receptors
Form a first line of three students holding hands
The first line represents a presynaptic neuron
Each student represents a vesicle on the pre-synaptic neuron
Form a second line of three students holding hands
The second line represents a postsynaptic neuron
Each student represents a receptor on the post-synaptic neuron
Prepare three plastic eggs carrying separate parts of the message: Egg 1 = “Jump”, Egg 2 = “Side to side”, Egg 3 = “Three times”
Form a first line of three students holding hands-This line represents a pre-synaptic neuron, each student represents a vesicle on the presynaptic neuron
Form a second line of three students holding hands-This line represents a post-synaptic neuron, each student represents a receptor on the postsynaptic neuron

11. If Dopamine Levels are Too Low
Two of the students in the first line get a plastic egg containing a message inside of it. The two plastic eggs represent low levels of dopamine.
The two students in the first line throw the plastic eggs to two students in the second line across the “synapse”.
The two students in the second line perform the task given by combining the messages in the two plastic eggs.
Since only two plastic eggs crossed the synapse, the students in the second line did not receive the entire message and will not be able to perform the task properly.

12. If Dopamine Levels are Correct
Three of the students in the first line get a plastic egg containing a message inside of it. The three plastic eggs represent correct levels of dopamine.
The three students in the first line throw the plastic eggs to three students in the second line across the “synapse”.
The three students in the second line perform the task given by combining the messages in the three plastic eggs.
Since three plastic eggs crossed the synapse, the students in the second line received the entire message and will be able to perform the task properly.

13. Cause of Parkinson’s Disease
Neurons that make dopamine start to die.
Dopamine tells another part of the brain to move muscles.
If dopamine levels are too low, muscles will not move as they should.
Low levels of dopamine results in tremors, stiff joints, a slow walk and many other symptoms.

14. Dopamine is released by a structure in the brain called the substantia nigra.
In Parkinson’s Disease, neurons in the substantia nigra are damaged which causes too little dopamine to be released.
Substantia Nigra
substantia nigra

15. Deep Brain Stimulation
An electrode is surgically placed deep in the brain.
The electrode is connected to a battery placed under the skin below the collarbone.
Electrical signals are sent to control activity in the brain.
Works like a pacemaker for the brain.
Deep Brain Stimulation

16. Deep Brain Stimulation
The substatia nigra is too deep in the brain for the electrodes to reach.
Instead, the electrodes can be placed in other areas of the brain that are easier to reach.
These areas tell the substantia nigra to make more dopamine.
Hey, subtantia nigra, make some dopamine!
Hey, I need some as well!
I hear you guys!

17. Activity: Designing a medical device
Goal: To design and build a medical device to reach deep in the brain for deep brain stimulation.
Students work in groups of 3 or 4
Students must:
1. Plan
2. Build
3. Test
4. Assess and Evaluate
Teacher’s Tip
Make jelly of a thick solid consistency or freeze if too wobbly!
Have an extra brain for each group as they tend to get seriously damaged

18. 1. The Plan The medical device must: Be biocompatible.
Be minimally invasive.
Be capable of delivering an electric current.

19. 2. Build Discuss appropriate materials from selection
Design and draw the device.
Examples:
Thin/Thick straws
Thin/Thick wire/Pipe Cleaners
Scissors
Lollipop Sticks
Sticky Tape
(For the purposes of this lesson, we assume straws are made of a biocompatible material e.g. cellulose)
It must include something to deliver electric current.

20. 3. Test
Turn the jelly brain out onto a paper plate with a black dot marked on it to represent the area of the brain to be targeted with the medical device.
Test the medical device on the model brain made from jelly in a queen cake or any hemispherical mould.
Model made with jelly is best as this is closest to consistency of human brain.
Examine damage caused.

21. 4. Assess and Evaluate
Assess the medical device for all of the required attributes.
Present results to the rest of the class.
Propose new ideas which would allow improvement.

22. What is a medical device?
What is it?
Parkinson’s Disease
What does it do?
Examples?
Who makes them?
Fill in L in the KWL Chart

23. What causes Parkinson’s?
Slide show: A Visual Guide to Parkinson’s Disease
What causes Parkinson’s?

25. References:
smart.servier.com
Gray’s Anatomy
Acknowledgements:
Sincere thanks to all of the researchers who gave lectures and generously gave their time throughout the course.
Thanks also to all the participating teachers who very kindly shared ideas and resources.

26. This publication has emanated from research conducted with the financial support of Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) and is co-funded under the European Regional Development Fund under Grant Number 13/RC/2073.
This project has been funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under Marie Curie Initial Training Networks (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN) and Grant Agreement Number (AngioMatTrain). This project has also been funded by the European Union Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks and Grant Agreement Numbers (BrainMatTrain) and (Tendon Therapy Train).