1. Chapter 29 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad

2. Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson Democrats
Background:
Progressive Governor of New Jersey
President of Princeton University
Reformer , Idealist , Elitist? , stubborn when believed was correct

3. Election of 1912: Democrats
Woodrow Wilson
Platform: “New Freedom”
Anti-Trust Legislation
Banking reform
Tariff reductions
Shunned social-welfare proposals

4. Election of 1912: Progressives or “Bull Moosers”
Theodore Roosevelt
Platform: “New Nationalism”
Trusts and Labor unions controlled by regulatory agencies
Program of social welfare
Women’s suffrage
Minimum wage
Social insurance
To you, men and women who have come here to this great city of this great State formally to launch a new party, a party of the people of the whole Union, the National Progressive Party, I extend my hearty greeting. You are taking a bold and a greatly needed step for the service of our beloved country.

5. Election of 1912: Republicans
William H. Taft
Platform:
To continue moderate Progressivism

6. Election of 1912: Results Winner: Woodrow Wilson
Wilson was a “minority” President…no “mandate” from the people
Why?
Taft and Roosevelt split the vote
Taft became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
Socialist Debs got almost a million votes
 The election of 1912 produced a Democratic victory over the split vote for President Taft's Republican ticket and Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party. The Governor of New Jersey and former Princeton University president was accompanied by President Taft to the Capitol. The oath of office was administered on the East Portico by Chief Justice Edward White

7. “Triple Wall of Privilege”
“Triple Wall” Wilson wanted to attack:
The Tariff
The Banks
The Trusts
Underwood Tariff
Substantially reduced the
tariff rates
The 16th Amendment
Graduated Income Tax

8. Researching Banking Reform
The nation’s financial structure, as created under the Civil War National Banking Act had proven to be glaringly ineffective, as shown by the Panic of 1907, so Wilson had Congress authorize an investigation to fix this.
The investigation, headed by Senator Aldrich, in effect recommended a third Bank of the United States.
Democrats heeded the findings of a House committee chaired by Congressman Arsene Pujo, which traced the tentacles of the “money monster” into the hidden vaults of American banking and business.
Louis D Brandeis’s Other People’s Money and How the Bankers Use It (1914) furthermore showed the problems of American finances at the time.

9. The Federal Reserve Act
Created Federal Reserve Board
12 regional banks that issued Federal Reserve notes
Allowed for flexible money system

10. The Federal Trade Commission Act
Presidential Commission examined interstate commerce laws
Root out unfair trade practices , such as false advertising and bribery
Root out unlawful competition

11. Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
Outlawed interlocking directories and pure discrimination ,
“Magna Carta” of the labor movement
Exempted labor unions from Anti-Trust laws (as had been called by Supreme Court’s interpretation of Sherman Act)
Legalized strikes and peaceful picketing
the act specified that “the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce; nothing contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and operation of labor organizations... nor shall such organizations or the members thereof be held or construed to be illegal combinations In restraint of trade under the antitrust laws.”

12. Wilsonian Progressive Acts
Federal Farm Loan Act
Federal Government credit for farmers at low interest rates
Warehouse Act of 1916
Government loans on the security of staple crops
La Follette Seaman’s Act of 1915
Living wage for merchant ships
Workingman’s Compensation Act of 1916
Disability insurance for civil service employees
Adamson Act
8 hour work day for federal employees

13. “Black Progressivism”/ Louis Brandeis
Wilson did not do well with “Black Progressivism”
Louis Brandeis
First Jewish Supreme Court Justice

14. New Directions in Foreign Policy
Wilson did not embrace the “Dollar Diplomacy” and “Big Stick”
Jones Act
Made Philippines a territory, promoted independence as soon as Philippines had stable government , July 4th 1946

15. Wilson did act as an “aggressor” a couple of times
When California banned Japanese ownership of land, Wilson sent Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan to plead with legislators and tensions cooled.
When disorder broke out in Haiti in 1915, Wilson sent American Marines, and in 1916, he sent Marines to quell violence in the Dominican Republic.
In 1917, Wilson bought the Virgin Islands from Denmark.

16. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
In 1913 Mexican rebels overthrew a government friendly to the United States and placed Victoriano Huerta and Carranza and Pancho Villa in positions of power in Mexico. President Wilson refused to recognize the new Mexican government.

17. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Wilson ordered Marines to take Vera Cruz because
Mexicans affronted Americans. Carranza and Huerto protested bitterly. It was finally mediated by the A.B.C. Powers. Shortly after Huerto collapsed and was replaced by Carranza whom President Wilson reluctantly supported.

18. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Meanwhile, “Pancho” Villa, combination bandit/freedom fighter, murdered 16 Americans in January of in Mexico and then killed 19 more a month later in New Mexico.
Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to capture Villa, and hepenetrated deep into Mexico, clashed with Carranza’s and Villa’s different forces, but didn’t take Villa.
World War I was starting in Europe

19. World War I The War To End All Wars

21. Nationalism Devotion to interests, culture of one’s nation
Nationalism leads to competition, antagonism between nations
Many fear Germany’s growing power in Europe
Various Ethnic groups resent domination, want independence
Russia sees self as protector of all Slavic peoples

22. Imperialism Militarism
Germany industrializes, competes with France, Britain for colonies
Development of armed forces, their use in diplomacy
Cost of building, defending empires leads to more military spending
Great Britain traditionally had the most powerful navy in Europe. Germany began to expand her navy, which created tension between the two nations

23. INTRICATE AND SOMETIMES SECRET ALLIANCES IN EUROPE LED TO OBLIGATIONS BUT ALSO DIVIDED LOYALTIES IF ATTACKED
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GERMANY WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH ITALY. OTTOMAN EMPIRE WAS ALLIED WITH GERMANY AGAINST RUSSIA.
SERBIA HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH RUSSIA WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH FRANCE WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT WITH GREAT BRITAIN WHO HAD AN AGREEMENT PROTECT BELGIUM’S NEUTRALITY

24. Alliance System
To protect themselves from each other, countries formed alliances
These alliances held that if one nation was attacked, the other nations would defend it
Triple Entente or ALLIES – France, Britain, Russia
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire are CENTRAL POWERS
Alliances give security; nations unwilling to tip balance of power

25. European Alliances, WWI

26. An Assassination Leads to War
June 28, 1914, Franz Ferdinand the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne travels to Serbia. He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a member of an organization called Black Hand, who wanted independence for the region from Austria- Hungary.
This assassination touches off a war as it helped lead countries to avenge the murder and fulfill their alliance obligations.

27. Alliances Bring Many Countries into War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, expects a short war
Alliance system pulls one nation after another into war
Russia came to the aid of Serbia
Germany then declared war on Russia
France declared war on Germany
Germany attacked Belgium (ally of France)
Britain entered the war to help Belgium & France

28. ALLIES
FRANCE
UNITED KINGDOM (AND ALL OF HER COLONIES)
ITALY RUSSIA
JAPAN ROMANIA
SERBIA GREECE
PORTUGAL
THE WAR BEGAN WITH THE ALLIES VERSUS THE CENTRAL POWERS AND SIX NEUTRAL NATIONS
NEUTRAL NATIONS
SPAIN SWITZERLAND NORWAY SWEDEN BELGIUM DENMARK
CENTRAL POWERS
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
GERMANY
BULGARIA
TURKEY

29. The Fighting Starts
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan: Hook movement through Belgium, defeat France before Russia mobilizes; then defeat Russia
Fight one front
Belgium held off Germany for three weeks – France and Britain mobilize to Belgium border
Britain and France on the defensive; forced to retreat to Marne River
Allies halt the German advance and both sides dig in for a long siege

30. Trench Warfare
By Spring 1915, 2 parallel systems of trenches cross France
400 miles from North Sea to Switzerland
“No man’s land” barren expanse of mud between opposing trenches
Scale of killing horrific, fighting inconclusive
1.2 million casualties
Armies fight to gain only yards of ground
Only 7 miles of ground will change hands

31. THE AREA BETWEEN THE TRENCHES WAS THE MOST DANGEROUS PLACE TO BE
“NO MAN’S LAND”
THE AREA BETWEEN THE TRENCHES WAS THE MOST DANGEROUS PLACE TO BE

32. A Precarious Neutrality
Wilson, whose wife had recently died, issued a neutrality proclamation and was promptly wooed by both the Allies and the German and Austro- Hungarian powers.
The Germans and Austro- Hungarians counted on their relatives in America for support, but the U.S. was mostly anti- German from the outset, as Kaiser Wilhem II made for a perfect autocrat to hate.
German and Austro- Hungarian agents in America further tarnished the Central Powers’ image when they resorted to violence in American factories and ports, and when one such agent left his briefcase in a New York elevator, the contents of which were found to contain plans for sabotage.

33. HOW DID MOST AMERICANS FEEL ABOUT JOINING THE WAR IN EUROPE?
MOST PEOPLE WANTED TO REMAIN NEUTRAL BECAUSE:
THEY FELT THAT IT WAS NOT OUR FIGHT
EUROPE WAS TOO FAR AWAY
WAR WAS EXPENSIVE
DIVIDED LOYALTIES SINCE WE TRADED WITH BOTH GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN (AND FRANCE) AND DID NOT WANT TO SEVER TIES WITH EITHER ONE BY FIGHTING AGAINST THEM

34. I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier
This popular song of 1915 conveys the antiwar sentiment that swept America after the European war began in 1914.

35. Americans Question Neutrality
Socialists, pacifists, many ordinary people against U.S. in war
Naturalized citizens concerned about effect on country of birth
Many feel ties to British ancestry, language, democracy, legal system
U.S. has stronger economic ties with Allies than with Central Powers
Allies are depicted as victims of German aggression
Many join French & British militaries

36. Really Neutral???
President Wilson declares America should be “neutral in fact as well as in name and impartial in thought as well as in action”.
Americans trade 23 billion with Allies and only 29 billion with Central Powers. Largely this occurred because of close socio-cultural connection with allies and easier trade routes to England. (Morgan Loans)
Lafayette Escadrille

37. The History of The Lafayette Escadrille
The Lafayette Escadrille was a French unit comprised mainly of American soldiers who volunteered to fight before the United States entered World War I.  The group was originally known as the American Escadrille , but changed name to maintain neutrality.

38. Really Neutral??? Moral Diplomacy
Wilson believed in freedom of the seas, open trade, self determination for ethnic groups, no secret alliances, arms reductions and Constitutionalism.
Because Wilson pressed freedom of the seas his Secretary of State, William J. Bryan resigned.

39. destroyers built over a
Really Neutral ???
Wilson’s acts towards war before election:
Council on National Defense Act
Federal board to prepare for war
National Defense Act of 1916
Increased army size
1916 Navy Act
Expanded Navy
1916 Revenue Act
Surtax on high incomes/ tax on corporate profits for war
1916 Navy Act: authorized 50
destroyers built over a
three year period.

40. German Submarine warfare
To break England’s control of the Atlantic, Germany depended on their new weapon: the Submarine (U-Boat in German).

41. Warnings issued to Travelers
“Neutral Seas” may Not Be Safe

42. War on The High Seas
Left: The
Luistania
Right: The
Sussex
On May 7, 1915 the Germans sank the Lustiana with 128 Americans on board. This outraged many Americans. Wilson, who believed in freedom of the seas, did not want war. Instead, after the Germans sank the British liner The Arabic he got the Germans to agree to the Arabic pledge which stated not to sink ships without warning. After the French ship The Sussex was sunk, Germany agreed to the Sussex pledge which said the same thing as long as England did the same. England would not agree or stop their naval blockade of Europe.

43. Tough Times For Central Powers
Central powers feeling impact of England’s naval blockade
Russia ready to leave war ( Bolshevik Revolution )
Germany public is getting war weary
Perhaps Central Powers need one last devastating blow…especially if neutral America joins cause of Allies

44. 1916 Presidential Election
Democrats: Woodrow Wilson
Campaign Slogan: “He Kept us Out of War”
Republicans: Charles E. “Evasive” Hughes

45. Wilson wins because of Solid South and Midwest areas
voting for him