1. Option A.4 Innate & Learned Behavior

2. Innate Behavior
Genetically programmed (Inherited) behavior that develops independently of previous experience in the environment.
Helps species survive pressures of natural selection
Examples: Spinning webs or building a nest

3. Learned Behavior
Behavior that develops based on environmental experiences and is not genetically programmed.
Process of gaining new knowledge or skills
Developed through trial and error
Individuals can show variation

4. Reflex conditioning
Learning to associate one stimulus with another previously unrelated stimulus
Pavlov (classical conditioning)
Unconditioned stimulus: food
Unconditioned response: salivation
Conditioned stimulus: ringing bell
Conditioned response: Salivation due to bell ringing

5. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

6. Learning and Inheritance in Birdsong
Species specific behavior used by male birds to attract females for mates
Innately know how to sing the song of their species
Young birds only sing a rudimentary version
Young birds learn to sing better by listening to older birds
This is both innate and learned behavior

7. Imprinting behavior Combination of learned and innate behavior
Learning that occurs at a specific programmed time or stage of development
Learning is rapid

8. Operant Conditioning
A form of learning which consists of trial and error
Uses positive and negative reinforcement

9. Operant Conditioning Skinner Box
Used to test both operant and classical conditioning

10. Learning The acquisition of skill or knowledge
Changes can occur throughout a lifetime
Degree of learning dependent on
Longevity
Neural capacity
Walking
Talking
Playing an instrument

11. Memory The process of encoding, storing and accessing information
Memory higher order function
Encoding process of converting information into a form in which it can be stored by the brain
Accessing
Short term memory
Long term memory
Different parts of the brain have a role in encoding, storage and accessing memory

12. Taxis & Kinesis Taxis: directional movement
Chemotaxis
phototaxis
Kinesis: Non directional response to stimuli

13. Reflexes
Animals sense and respond to stimuli in order to maintain homeostasis
Automatic and involuntary
A typical reflex response involves the following:
1. receptors detect the presence of stimuli
2. sensory neurons send impulses (action potentials) to relay neurons in the CNS
3. Relay neurons send messages from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
4. Motor neurons send impulses (action potentials) to the muscle cells to contract

14. Pain Reflex Arc

15. Pain receptors Cells detect the pain
Message is sent to the sensory neuron
Sensory neuron sends the message to the relay neuron in the spinal cord
Grey matter: consists mainly of dendrites of neurons
White matter: consists mainly of axons of neurons
Dorsal root: composed of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord (afferent)
Ventral root: composed of motor neurons leaving the spinal cord (efferent)

16. Option A.6 Ethology

17. Ethology Is the study of animal behaviors in natural conditions
Natural selection can change the frequency of observed behaviors
Select behaviors help survival while others can be lost
Best to do research in an animals natural habitat as behavior will change when in captivity

18. Animal response due to Natural Selection
Behavior response
Evolutionary advantage
European Blackcap bird
Migratory pattern
Shorter distance to travel
Warmer weather
More food availability
California Garter snake
Foraging behavior
(new food source)
Ability to inhabit new niche
High protein provided by eating banana slugs

19. Altruism
Behavior in which one helps another with no apparent benefit to oneself.
Unselfish behavior
Kin Selection (helping closely related individuals)
Honeybees
Naked mole rats
Vampire bats
Defending the heard
Surrogate Cows et.