1. ADVANCED CINEMATOGRAPHY by Affonso Beato, ASC,ABC abeato@artcenter.edu www.affonsobeato.com © copyright 2011 Affonso Beato

2. 4.0 Film or Digital ? elements for comparison and discussion version 09.25.12 by Affonso Beato, ASC, ABC

3. elements on all systems: the concept of latitude ( dynamic range ) using f stops the concept of resolution ( sharpness and color complexity ) using pixels per horizontal line

4. the concept of latitude ( dynamic range ) using f stops

5. characteristic curve on photo chemical systems over exposure saturation under exposure chemical fog straight portion of the curve = latitude axis of light axis of density

7. color reference chart

8. using the film characteristic curve on digital systems over exposure saturation clipping digital noise artifact under exposure chemical fog digital noise straight portion of the curve = latitude

9. comparing the differences in perception between the human eye and the photo systems the concept of latitude ( dynanmic range ) in f stops 1 : 2 : 4 : 8 : 16 : 32 : 64 : 128 : 256 : 512 : 1024 : 2048 : 4096 : 8192 : 16384 : 32768 : 65536 : 131072 : 262144 : 524288 : 1.048.57 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

10. comparing the differences in perception between the human eye and the photo systems 2010 new technology – HDRX digital film movie cameras – 18 stops latitude

11. comparing the differences in perception between the human eye and the photo systems the concept of latitude ( dynanmic range ) in f stops human eyes latitude – 20 stops – ( 1: 1.048.576 ) - fast dynanmic adaptation latitude of the negative film ( Kodak Vision 3 type ) - 16 f stops – ( 1: 65.536 ) – saturation latitude on the 2k digital camera (Sony F65, Epic,Alexa ) – 14 f stops – ( 1: 16.384 ) – clipping latitude on the HDTV camera – 10 f stops – ( 1: 1024 ) – digital noise latitude on the HDV camera – 7 f stops – ( 1: 128 ) – digital noise latitude on the SDTV camera – 5 f stops – ( 1: 16 ) – digital noise

12. the concept of resolution in pixels per horizontal line grain x pixels – using the analogy sharpness and color complexity

13. grains x pixels analogy photographic grain > microscopic complex chemical congromarate image pixel > digital number – byte with a number of bits

14. resolution chart in sharpness watch 1000 lines

15. resolution chart in pixels per line chart by Marcelo Siqueira, ABC

16. MTF ( modulation transfer function ) example

17. comparing the differences in perception between the human eye and the photo systems the concept of resolution in pixels per horizontal line K = 1000 pixels on a horizontal line human eyes resolution – 100K resolution on b & w negative film 24k – 35mm resolution on color negative film 16k – 35mm resolution on digital cameras 4k ( 4096 x 3072 ) resolution on HD cameras 1.92k ( 1920 x 1080 ) resolution on SD cameras 0.72k ( 720 x 640 ) human eyes resolution on projection 3k modern digital projectors 4k

18. existing digital sensors

20. existing film stock

21. comparison latituderesolutionproblems human vision20 stops100K subjectif reality film Vision 316 stops16K chemical fog on under exposure digital14 stops4K digital noise on over exposure less latitude less resolution

22. typical film production work flow camera + neg film + processing + dailies + editing + overall color corrections + IP + IN + release prints

23. hybrid film production workflow camera + negative film + processing + HD dailies + editing + 2K DI + film out + IN + release prints

24. film production workflow and digital development camera + neg film + processing + dailies + editing + overall color corrections + IP + IN + release prints camera + negative film + processing + SD dailies + editing + 2K DI + film out + IN + release prints + IN + release prints 3perf cam + negative film + processing + HD dailies + SD editing + 2K DI + film out + 2K DCI projection + IN + release prints 4K digital camera + tape/data + HD dailies + SD editing + 2K DI + film out + 2K DCI projection 4K digital camera + data + HD dailies + HD editing + 4K digital intermediate + 4K DCI transmissions

25. The near future