1. Quantity surveying Valuation & Spacifications Department of Architectural Assistantship Govt. Polytechnic for Women FARIDABAD

2. What is Estimation:-
Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.
Requirements for preparing an estimate.
Drawings like plan, elevation and sections
Detailed specifications about workmanship & materials etc.
Standard schedule of rates of the current year.

3. NEED FOR ESTIMATION
To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the proposed work.
To ascertain rrequirements of materials, such as cement and steel for making applications to the controlling authorities.
To ascertain the requirement of tools, plants and equipment required to complete the work according to the schedule for completion.
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4. To invite tenders and prepare bills for the payment.
To draw up the construction schedule and programme and also to arrange the funds required according to the programming.
To invite tenders and prepare bills for the
payment.
For Valuation of an existing property .
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5. Quality of goodSurveyor
In preparing an estimate, the surveyor must have
good knowledge regarding the important rules of
quantity surveying.
He must thoroughly understand the drawings of the structure, for which he is going to prepare an estimate.
He must also be clearly informed about the specifications showing nature and classes of works and the materials to be used because the rates at which various types of works can be executed depend upon its specifications.
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6. A knowledge of the details of construction work.
Experience in construction work.
Having information regarding the materials
required, machinery needed, overhead problems, and
costs of all kinds.
Good judgment with regard to different localities,
different jobs and different workmen.
Selection of a good method for preparing an
estimate.
Ability to be careful, thorough, hard working and
accurate.
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7. Types of estimates Preliminary or approximate or rough estimate
Detailed estimate
Annual Repair estimate
Revised estimate
supplementary estimate
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8. Preliminary or rough estimate
Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of project and for its administrative approval.
Methods used for preparation of approximate estimates.
a) Plinth area method
b) Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method.

9. Detailed estimate
This includes finding out the detailed particulars for the quantities rates and costs of all the items involved for satisfactory completion of a project.
Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimension on the drawing on a measurement sheet. Multiplying these quantities by their respective rates in a separate sheet the cost of all items of work are worked out individually and summarized.
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10. All other expenses required for satisfactory completion of the project are added to the above cost to frame the total of detailed estimate. This is the best and most accurate estimate that can be prepared.
A detailed estimate is accompanied by REPORT, SPECIFICATION, DETAILED DRAWING SHOWING PLANS, DIFFERENT SECTION, KEY PLAN, BASIS OF RATES.
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11. Revised Estimate
A revised estimate is a detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of items of works originally provided in the estimate without material deviation of structural nature from the design originally approved for a project.
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12. How to prepare a detailed estimate
In this method the rates per unit work of one item including profit are considered first and the total cost for the item is found by multiplying the cost per unit of the rate by the number units.
the procedure for the preparation of a
detailed estimate is divided into two parts.
detail measurement.
abstract of estimated cost
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13. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor .
The principle of units of measurements normally consists of the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.

14. SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications:
This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications:
These gives the detailed description of the various items of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.

15. METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES
The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
the wall along the length of room is considered to be longwall while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get thelength of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length.
b) Centre line method.
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction

16. 2. Abstract of cost form
The cost under each item of the work is determined from the quantities and total cost is worked out in a prescribed form called abstract of cost form as shown below:
Item no
Description
quantity
unit of payment
Rate
Amount
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17. VALUATION
It is the technique of estimating and determining the fair price or value of a property such as a building, a factory or other engineering structures of various types, land etc.
The main purposes of valuation are as follows:
Buying or Selling Property
Taxation To assess the tax of a property,
Rent Fixation
Security of loans or Mortgage
Compulsory acquisition
Valuation of a property is also required for Insurance, Betterment charges, speculations etc.
Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability, on the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used in the construction and present day prices of materials.

18. Definitions Contingencies :
The term “contingencies” indicates the incidental expenses of a miscellaneous character which can not be reasonably predicated during preparation of the estimate and to meet such unforeseen expenses an additional amount of 3% to 5% of the estimated cost of works is provided in the total estimate.
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19. Earnest Money Market Value Book Value
It is the amount of money to be deposited along with the tender document to the department by the contractors quoting a tender. This money is a guarantee against the refusal of any contractor to take up the work after the acceptance of his tender.
Market Value
The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to time according to demand and supply.
Book Value
Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the amount of depreciation allowed per year

20. Year’s Purchase
Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to receive a net receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a fixed rate of interest. The capital sum should be 1×100/rate of interest.
Capital cost
Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total amount required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while the value is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total amount required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while the value

21. Lump-sum item:
This is the item of work which is very difficult to measure or assess during its execution and a lump sum rate is provided in the estimate. The work of site cleaning dewatering from a small diameter tube well till sand free water is obtained, removing roots of a tree etc.
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22. Over head charges:
This includes such item as office rent and depreciation of its equipment , salaries of staff, lighting, travelling etc. included in the overhead charge. This is usually 2.5% of the net cost of a unit of rate and may rise up to 5%
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23. TENDER
Defination
It is an invitation from the owner to the contractor to execute some work at specified cost in specified time. It is published in the form of tender notice in news papers, notice boards, etc. according to the cost of works.
Objectives
The objective of tendering is to select a suitable contractor at an appropriate time and obtain from him an acceptable offer upon which a contractor can be let-
Generally 3 types of tendering used
1.Open tendering
2.Selective tendering
3.Negotiated tendering

24. Information to be given in a tender notice :-
A Tender notice must contain following information:-
Name of the department inviting tender
Name of work and location
Designation of officer inviting tender
Last date and time of receipt of tender
Period of availability of tender document
Cost of tender document
Time of completion and type of contract
Earnest Money Deposit to be paid
Date, time and place of opening the tender
Designation of the officer opening the tender
General conditions of tender
Schedule of items of work with clear specifications
Special conditions

25. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES Depreciation:
It is an amount of compensation payable by a contractor to the owner due to delayed construction. This amount of compensation is not related with real damage. This does not relieve the contractor from his obligations and liabilities under the contract. In case if a part of the project or premise is used by the owner before its completion, the amount to be paid is reduced in proportion to the value of the part that has been utilised, after issuing the certificate of occupancy.
Depreciation:
Depriciation is the loss in the value of the property due to is use, life, wear, tear, decay and obsolescence. The general annual decrease in the value of a property is known as annual depreciation. Usually, the percentage rate of depreciation is less at the beginning and generally increase during later years. Methods of calculating depreciation: 1) Straight line method 2) constant percentage method 3) Sinking fund method.

26. Gross income: gross income is the total income and includes all receipts from various sources. Net income or net return: this is the saving or the amount left after deducting all outgoings, operational and collection expenses from the gross income or total receipt. Sinking fund: A certain amount of gross rent is set aside annually as sinking fund to accumulate the total cost of construction when the life of the building is over. This annual sinking fund is also taken as outgoings.
Scrape value: scrape value is the value of the dismantled material. That means after dismantle we will get the steel, brick, timber etc. in case of machines the scrape value is metal or dismantle parts. In general the scrape value is about 10 % of total cost of construction. Scrape value = sale of useable material – cost of dismantling and removal of the rubbish material.
Salvage Value: it is the value of the utility period without being dismantled. we can sale it as a second handle.
Obsolescence: The value of property or structures become less by its becoming out of date in style, in structure in design, etc. and this is termed as Obsolescence.