1. PowerPoint Image Slideshow
Psychology
Chapter 6 LEARNING
PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2. Definition of Learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
change is not always immediately obvious
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3. Russian Physician/ Neurophysiologist Studied digestive secretion
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian Physician/ Neurophysiologist
Studied digestive secretion
Accidentally discovered Classical Conditioning
Pavlov was a famous Russian physician known for his work on classical conditioning. While measuring saliva in dogs, he accidentally discovered classical conditioning.

4. Think about a song or scent that brings
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Think about a song or scent that brings
back certain memories or feelings
Stimulus - some action that produces activity in an organism (song)
Response - reaction of an organism to a stimulus (feeling)

5. This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Form of learning where one stimulus (thought of food) creates a response (mouth watering) in response to another stimulus (actual food)
This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated with each other

6. Classical Conditioning Cont.

7. Classical Conditioning Cont.

8. Breaking down the variables
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
US = Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic, not learned
E.g., Food

9. Breaking down the variables
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
UR = Unconditioned Response
A response that is automatic, not learned
E.g., Salivation

10. Breaking down the variables
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
CS = Conditioned Stimulus
Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing
E.g., Pairing bell and food together

11. Breaking down the variables
Classical Conditioning Cont.
Breaking down the variables
CR = Conditioned Response
Learned stimulus
E.g., Bell

12. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Importance of classical conditioning:
Helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of human behavior
Little Albert
Counterconditioning
- Plays a role in our physical health
- Sexual arousal
- Phobias
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13. Classical Conditioning Cont.
Generalization
Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to the original CS
“Little Albert” experiment
(Watson and Rosalie Rayner)

14. Classical Conditioning Cont.
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea) CS
(waiting
room) CR

15. Classical Conditioning Cont.
The unconditioned stimulus is the couple and the unconditioned response from viewers is feelings of happiness. When the unconditioned stimulus is paired with the conditioned stimulus (the tequila) the conditioned response to the tequila is happiness. Therefore, the advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are hoping that the next time you step into the liquor store and take a peak at their tequila you will have feelings of happiness that are enough to buy some tequila! Classical conditioning is every where!

16. Classical Conditioning Cont.

17. Classical Conditioning Cont.

18. Classical Conditioning Cont.

19. Operant Conditioning Shaping: method of successive approximations
Skinner box
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20. Operant Conditioning Cont.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
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21. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Positive Reinforcers
primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcers
schedules of reinforcement:
fixed ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
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22. Operant Conditioning Cont.
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23. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Issues in the use of
positive reinforcement:
timing:
delay of reinforcement
consistency in the delivery of reinforcement
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24. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Negative reinforcement:
removal or avoidance of a negative event
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
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25. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Punishment:
a negative consequence that leads to a reduction in the frequency of the behavior that produced it
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26. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Dangers of punishment:
reinforcing to the punisher
generalized inhibiting effect
learning to dislike and act aggressively toward the punisher
criticism trap
does not teach appropriate behavior
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27. Operant Conditioning Cont.
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
do not use physical punishment
punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
positively reinforce appropriate behavior to take the place of the inappropriate behavior
punish specific behaviors
do not mix punishment with rewards for the same behavior
do not back down
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28. Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning:
association between two stimuli
involves reflexive, involuntary behaviors
UCS is paired with the CS independent of individual’s behavior
Operant conditioning
association between a response and the resulting consequence complicated voluntary behaviors
reinforcing consequence occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been elicited
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29. OPERANT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year.
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

30. OPERANT OR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. CC
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better in your second year. OP
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

31. Observational Learning
Albert Bandura:
Modeling: eliciting desired behavior by showing how it is done
Bobo Doll Experiment
Social Learning Theory
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32. Cognitive learning
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33. Cognitive learning
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