1. Chapter 22 Living in Hard Times 1929-1939
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2. The Coming of the Great Depression
The Great Depression was a worldwide crisis
The crash of the American stock market was but one of many causes of the economic catastrophe
Face of the Depression – Who is she?

3. The Great Crash: October 1929 and the Coming of the Great Depression
Unequal distribution of wealth
Overproduction
Speculation
Overextension of credit
Stock market crash
World depression
U.S. policy

4. Hoover and the Depression
“too little too late”
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Emergency Relief and Construction Act
Hooverville
“Bonus Army”

5. The Hoover Years, 1929–1933
Hoped voluntary action and private charity would get the nation through the Depression
Summer Bonus Expeditionary Force marches on Washington, D.C.
Hoover uses the army to disperse the veterans
Public outraged

6. The New Deal
Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the presidency in a landslide
A series of programs aimed at Relief, Recovery, and Reform

7. The Brain Trust and the First 100 Days
“Bank Holiday” - March 1933
“Fireside chat”
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) - provided insurance for accounts up to $5000
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) - regulated stock market activities

8. Notable Agencies
NRA – National Recovery Administration – Business codes to regulate production, wages, etc.
AAA – Agricultural Adjustment Act – paid farmer to grow less
PWA – Public Works Administration – Stimulated the economy with public works projects
FERA – Federal emergency Relief Administration – Provides funds for local relief agencies
CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps – Employed young men for conservation projects
TVA – Tennessee Valley Authority – Built flood control hydroelectric dams

9. The Range of the TVA
MAP 22-1, The Range of the TVA

10. African-Americans, the Depression, and FDR’s “Black Cabinet”
New Deal never dealt with racial discrimination
No anti-lynching laws or anti-poll tax laws
Eleanor Roosevelt, however, would support African-American issues.
African-Americans support FDR

11. The Dust Bowl and the “Okie” Experience
On top of the Depression, huge dust storms descended on the Great Plains.
“Black Blizzards”
3.5 million abandon farms and migrate to California
“Okies” and “Arkies”

12. The Dust Bowl
MAP 22-2, The Dust Bowl

13. Kansas, “Black Sunday,” April 14, 1935
Courtesy of Kansas State University Wind Erosion Research Unit
Kansas, “Black Sunday,” April 14, 1935

14. A dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas, in 1935
Library of Congress
A dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas, in 1935

15. Library of Congress
A farmer and his sons walking in a dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, April, 1936

16. A house covered with dust, 1935
Library of Congress
A house covered with dust, 1935

17. United States Department of Agriculture
Buried machinery in barn lot in Dallas, South Dakota, United States during the Dust Bowl, an agricultural, ecological, and economic disaster in the Great Plains region of North America in 1936

18. Within 5 years, 350,000 “Okies” and “Arkies” migrated to southern California
This iconic photograph, taken by Farm Security Administration photographer, Dorothea Lange, shows a destitute migrant farmer and mother of seven children.

19. 1935 – the second round of programs
NYA – National Youth Administration
REA – Rural Electrification Administration
WPA – Works Progress Administration

20. The Works Progress Administration and the Artists’ New Deal
Construction Projects
Artists, writers, women, & minorities
Spent $11 Billion to give jobs to over 8 million workers
Many projects built parks, airports, roads, and public buildings
Also hired professionals
they hired photographers, historians, artists, archaeologists
Post office murals, slave narratives, and Angel Mounds were all done by the WPA

21. Angel Mounds

22. Slave Narratives & daily Life

23. Art projects

24. Organized Labor, the Committee for Industrial Organization, and the Factory Floor
Wagner Act - strengthened the labor movement by putting the government behind the workers’ right to organize
Workers at two General Motors plants went on strike in 1936

25. Opponents of the New Deal
New Deal not getting the nation out of the Depression
Father Charles Coughlin
Dr. Francis Townsend
Huey P. Long - “Share Our Wealth”
“Make every man a king”

26. Opponents of the New Deal
American Liberty League
Group of wealthy Republicans and conservative Democrats formed in 1934 to fight New Deal “socialism”
Sought to defend business interests and weaken labor unions
Unsuccessful in defeating FDR in the 1936 elections

27. Father Charles Coughlin
Initially a New Deal supporter but eventually criticized it severely
Had the largest radio show in U.S. history (up to that time)
Called FDR a liar for not nationalizing the banks
Eventually, his anti-semitism and fascist rhetoric led to his radio show’s cancellation
Courtesy of Social Security Administration

28. Organized millions for his old-age pension plan
Dr. Francis Townsend
Organized millions for his old-age pension plan
Advocated giving each senior a monthly check (twice the average worker’s salary) that had to be spent each month
Plan would be funded by a national sales tax
Wikipedia

29. Senator Huey P. Long (“Kingfish”)
“Share Our Wealth” program promised to give each family $5,000 at the expense of the wealthy
He controlled Louisiana politics from his senate seat in Washington, D.C.
He was planning to challenge FDR in the 1936 election and was allied with Coughlin
Assassinated in 1935
Wikipedia

32. The Continuing Depression and the expanding New Deal, 1935–1939
Focused on Reform in response to critics
Social Security Act of 1935
Old-age pensions 65 or older
Unemployment compensation
Welfare payments

33. The Deep Roots of War — The United States, Europe, and Asia
New Deal overshadowed
Growing tensions in Japan, Italy, Spain, and Germany
For the most part, the U.S. remains isolated during the 1930s.
Adolf Hitler, “Der Führer,” Nazi Germany

34. Sept. 7, 1934

35. Moving Toward Lend-Lease Legislation
Nye Commission
America First Committee
Sympathy but no action
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36. Gilder – Lehrman Isolationism Activity
Critical Analysis Question # 1: What is the primary message of the speaker?
Critical Analysis Question # 2: Which words, terms, or phrases are most helpful in understanding the position of the speaker? Explain your answer.
Critical Analysis Question # 3: Identify the portion of the document that is most effective. Again, explain your answer.