1. CHANGING ROLES OF THE MILITARY

2. ASSIGNMENTS
Smith, Democracy, ch. 3
Modern Latin America, ch. 13

3. OUTLINE Questions Historical Perspective Self-Assumed Roles
Missions and Coups
Types of Military Regimes
Approval Ratings
Impacts of 9/11?

4. QUESTIONS
What roles for the military in democratic (or democratizing) settings?
What level (or type) of political power?
Why accept any reduction in political influence?
Issue: not necessarily coups, but civilian-military relations

5. ARMED FORCES IN PERSPECTIVE
Wars of independence ( )
One element in triangle of power—church, economic elite, and military
Path to upward mobility and political influence
Duty: maintenance of internal order
Impact of professionalization?
Saber-rattling against neighboring countries, but without real war (especially in 20th century)

6. Military Folklore: Forging Fatherlands
Patterns of Participation
Incidence of Coups
Missions and Regimes
Wars against Subversion
The Democrats’ Dilemma: To Amnesty or Not?
Argentina
Chile

8. Military Regimes: Key Factors
Power structure: personalistic or collegial?
Institutional role of military in decision-making
Ideological orientation
Social base of civilian support

9. Types of Authoritarian Regime
________________Power Structure___________________
Personalist Institutionalized
Leadership
____________
Traditional Caudillo or Collective Junta or
Military “Man on Horseback” Bureaucratic-Authoritarian
Regime
Technocratic State, One-Party State or
Civilian Delegative Semi-Democracy, Corporatist Regime
or Sultanistic Despotism

10. Prominent Military Regimes in Latin America
Reformist/Inclusionary:
Argentina [judgment call here]
Ecuador ,
Peru
Reactionary/Exclusionary:
Argentina ,
Brazil
Chile
Guatemala
Uruguay

11. MODES OF TRANSITION
Personalist regimes, especially “sultanistic despotism” = armed revolution and/or assassination
Personalist regimes if military = armed revolution or military replacement
Bureaucratic regimes = fissures within ruling elite, negotiation with opposition
One-party regimes = winning elections (as in Mexico)

12. Modes of Interaction: The Armed Forces and Democracy
Military control: political subordination of nominally civilian governments to effective military control
Military tutelage: participation of armed forces in general policy processes and military oversight of civilian authorities
Conditional military subordination: abstention by the armed forces from overt intervention in political questions, while reserving the “right” to intervene in the name of national interests and security
Civilian control: subordination of armed forces in political and policy terms to civilian authorities, usually including a civilian minister of defense

13. Patterns of Civil-Military Relations, ca. 2000
Military Control (N=0)
None
Military Tutelage (N=4)
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Venezuela
Conditional Military Subordination (N=9)
Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru
Civilian Control (N=6)
Argentina, Costa Rica, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Uruguay

14. Levels of Trust in the Military, ca. 2000:
Ecuador 60%
Venezuela 54
Brazil 53
Chile 46
Uruguay 44
Central America 26
Note: “A lot” + “some”

17. IMPACTS OF 9/11? Involvement in war on drugs, and now…
Emphasis on internal security and political stability
Police functions
Focus on borders
From anti-subversion to anti-terrorism
Renewal of U.S. support?

18. CHANGE OVER TIME Oligarchic Rule and Top-down Reform (1880s-1920s)
Military strongmen
“Oligarchic democracy”
Co-optative democracy
Populism and Dictatorship (1930s-1970s)
Populist alliances/corporatist states
Women and politics
A democratic surge [1940s-70s]
Bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes

19. CHANGE OVER TIME (cont.)
The Revolutionary Path (1950s-1980s)
“plantation societies”
Cuba, Nicaragua—and others?
A Renewal of Democracies (1980s-present)
“unsolvable problems”
pressure from below
ending of Cold War
absence of ideology
Rise of the “new left”? (1998-present)
Politics of protest/use of ballot box
Chávez v. Lula
prospects?

20. THE CHILEAN PATH Two-step process Stunning election (1988 plebiscite)
Negotiations:
1980 Constitution
Tenure for military commanders
Formation of National Security Council
Perpetuation of self-amnesty
Nine members of Senate (senadores biónicos)
10 percent of copper revenues to military budget