2. Outline three reasons why globalisation may lead to crime and deviance
6/6
Globalisation reduces the power that states have, so it becomes hard for countries to take complete control over criminal issues. This becomes difficult when crimes cross borders. Trafficking of humans and weapons is a good example of this.
Globalisation has provided new opportunities for committing crime, with criminals taking advantage of variations in legislation between different countries.
For elites and other powerful groups such as gangs globalisation has provided the ability move finance around the world easily and with little trace. This has contributed to a rise in tax evasion and money laundering.
Other reasons you could include –
Operating transnationally reduces the risks as its harder to police internationally and also increases the profits, for example in Colombia cocaine production takes place because the state and law enforcement are weak and they are able to sell the product in more profitable markets such as the UK and America.
Globalisation has led to some low skilled workers being de-skilled as their work moves abroad where it can be done cheaper for example the textiles industry is largely located in the developing world. This has led to some places in the UK such as ex-mining towns in Wales seeing a rise in crime and deviance, as people struggle to make ends meet.

4. 4 mark question
6 mark question
10 mark question
Outline two ways in which states may commit crimes
Outline three reasons why capitalism might be seen as a cause of green crime
Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why it is difficult to measure state crimes
Item A –
State crimes are actions which break the laws of the society in which the crime takes place. This can sometimes invovle states breaking their own rules. However, an alternative definition is to look at crimes that a state commits which break international laws or human rights.
Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why it is difficult to measure corporate crime.
Item A-
Corporate crimes are crimes committed by large companies in the pursuit of profit . They might involve false accounting to exaggerate profits, price fixing, failing to pay the minimum wage. Corporate crime is difficult to detect, partly because collecting evidence is difficult.
outline two ways in which globalisation may lead to crime
Outline three reasons why individuals commit occupational crime
Applying material from item A, analyse two reasons why green crimes are difficult to police.
Approaches to green crime are divided, with some criminologists arguing that we should focus on environmental acts that break the law and other approaches argue that we should take a more moral stance as international laws are inadequate this approach is called Zemiology.

6. Globalisation Key debates – Do the benefits outweigh the costs?
Sociologists ideas about globalisation and crime –
Castells –
We no longer have self contained societies , new networks cut across national boundaries and this has resulted in a global criminal economy
Held-
The global crime economy has both a demand and supply side
Taylor-
The development of capitalism is the main driver for the globalisation of crime
Elites benefit from moving money around with little control
Organised crime benefits from loose controls over capital movements and tax havens.
Global capitalism and cheap transport and communication = companies moving to where costs are lowest + fewer regulations / laws + low taxation = crime in west + law breaking in developing world.
Hobbs and Dunningham –
Case study of NE England – local organisation is also important, not just global links- ‘Glocal’. ‘Dave Peters’ and the Costa Del Sol
Newburn-
There are 3 main consequences of globalisation for crime and criminology
Reduces the power of nation states
Opportunities for committing crime in new ways
Created a new awareness of risk from other countries
Definitions
Interconnectedness
No national borders
Transfer of knowledge , goods internationally.
Intensification of worldwide social relations
Globalisation
Benefits of globalisation
-greater international cooperation e.g. Interpol and Europol (est. 1992)
-extradition agreements
- Greater efforts between countries to prevent money laundering (key to global crime)
Key debates –
Do the benefits outweigh the costs?

7. Occupational (white collar) corporate crime
Case study examples –
BP oil spill (can also be used for Green crime Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico
How big is the problem?
Bad= 25% of retail loss = accounted for by theft by employees. 75% of fraud in financial institutions was also accounted for by employees.
Good= taking produce is often seen as legitimate perk in some industries. Functionalists – those with more trust are less likely to commit crime
Definition
Committed by professionals and managers in the course of their jobs e.g. fraud. Used to benefit the offender rather than the company.
not committed by individuals, but by large companies in the pursuit of profit e.g. false accounting.
Issues with defining corporate crime – Pearce and Tombs… it should take a moral stance.
Explanations for occupational and corporate crime
the search for thrills and excitement (portnoy)- emotion based expl.
Employees build up ideas about what is fair payment and if they don’t receive it they may break the law to get it. Negative labels are given to come groups and more positive ones to others e.g. more powerful ones. Laws reflect these labels. – labelling expl.
Goals and means – organisation unable to achieve goals legally then may turn to illegal means (Box)corporate crime seen as a way of achieving prestige in difficult environment. – Anomie based expl.
The powerful promote the idea that corporate crime is less serious/harmful than normal street crimes, box describes this as a deliberate process of ‘mystification’. . There are relatively few prosecutions of corporate crime as otherwise there would be an undermining of the belief that the vast majority of crime is committed by the working class. Immoral practices are normal under capitalism. Marxist expl.