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AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 1
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Step 1: Reception
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Step 2: Transduction
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Step 3: Response
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150 mM KCl 150 mM NaCl –92 mV +62 mV Inner chamber Outer chamber Inner
Ions and Energy –92 mV +62 mV Inner chamber Outer chamber Inner chamber Outer chamber 150 mM KCl 5 mM KCl 15 mM NaCl 150 mM NaCl Cl– K+ Na+ Cl– Potassium channel Sodium channel Artificial membrane
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Evolution of a Nervous system in Animals
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Overview of the Nervous System
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CNS vs. PNS
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Neuron structure
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Synapse and Neurotransmitter
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Glial Cells (Like a house frame … but for a brain
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Schwann Cells OR Oligiodendrocytes
Nodes of Ranvier Layers of myelin Axon Schwann cell Schwann cell Axon Nodes of Ranvier Nucleus of Schwann cell Myelin sheath 0.1 µm
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AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 2
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Membrane Potential and ion concentrations
CYTOSOL EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [Na+] 15 mM [Na+] 150 mM [K+] 150 mM [K+] 5 mM [Cl–] 120 mM [Cl–] 10 mM [A–] 100 mM Plasma membrane
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Na+/K+ pumps Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to the sodium-potassium pump
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [Na+] high [K+] low Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ [Na+] low [K+] high ATP P Na+ P CYTOPLASM ADP Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to the sodium-potassium pump Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP. Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, expelling Na+ to the outside. K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ P P K+ Extracellular K+ binds to the protein, triggering release of the phosphate group. Loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original conformation. K+ is released and Na+ sites are receptive again; the cycle repeats.
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Stronger depolarizing stimulus
Resting Potential Stimuli Stimuli Stronger depolarizing stimulus +50 +50 +50 Action potential Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) –50 Threshold –50 Threshold –50 Threshold Resting potential Resting potential Resting potential Hyperpolarizations Depolarizations –100 –100 –100 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (msec) Time (msec) Time (msec) Graded potential hyperpolarizations Graded potential depolarizations Action potential
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Impulse generation Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ K+
Rising phase of the action potential K+ Falling phase of the action potential +50 Action potential Na+ Na+ Membrane potential (mV) –50 Threshold K+ Resting potential –100 Depolarization Time Na+ Na+ Extracellular fluid Potassium channel Activation gates Na+ K+ Plasma membrane Undershoot Cytosol Sodium channel K+ Inactivation gate Resting state
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Propagation Axon Action potential
An action potential is generated as Na+ flows inward across the membrane at one location. Action potential K+ Na+ K+ The depolarization of the action potential spreads to the neighboring region of the membrane, re-initiating the action potential there. To the left of this region, the membrane is repolarizing as K+ flows outward. Action potential K+ Na+ K+ The depolarization-repolarization process is repeated in the next region of the membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon.
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Saltatory Conduction Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier)
Cell body Myelin sheath Axon
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Reflex Arc
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AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 3
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Synapse and Neurotransmitter
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Nerve Impulse is approaching the axon terminal by Saltatory Conduction
Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier) Cell body Myelin sheath Axon
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Synapse at the axon terminal
Postsynaptic cell Presynaptic cell Na+ Neuro- transmitter Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter K+ Presynaptic membrane Postsynaptic membrane Ligand- gated ion channel Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel Postsynaptic membrane Ca2+ Synaptic cleft Ligand-gated ion channels
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Post synaptic membrane
K+ Rising phase of the action potential K+ Falling phase of the action potential +50 Action potential Na+ Na+ Membrane potential (mV) –50 Threshold K+ Resting potential –100 Depolarization Time Na+ Na+ Extracellular fluid Potassium channel Activation gates Na+ K+ Plasma membrane Undershoot Cytosol Sodium channel K+ Inactivation gate Resting state
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Synapse with effector cell
Spinal cord Motor unit 1 Motor unit 2 Synaptic terminals Nerve Motor neuron cell body Motor neuron axon Muscle Muscle fibers Tendon
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AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 4
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Stronger depolarizing stimulus
LE 48-12 Stimuli Stimuli Stronger depolarizing stimulus +50 +50 +50 Action potential Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) –50 Threshold –50 Threshold –50 Threshold Resting potential Resting potential Resting potential Hyperpolarizations Depolarizations –100 –100 –100 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (msec) Time (msec) Time (msec) Graded potential hyperpolarizations Graded potential depolarizations Action potential
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Action potential moving toward the CNS
Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier) Cell body Myelin sheath Axon
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Dendrites of the neurons
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Summation and the Threshold potential
Stimuli Stimuli Stronger depolarizing stimulus +50 +50 +50 Action potential Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) Membrane potential (mV) –50 Threshold –50 Threshold –50 Threshold Resting potential Resting potential Resting potential Hyperpolarizations Depolarizations –100 –100 –100 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (msec) Time (msec) Time (msec) Graded potential hyperpolarizations Graded potential depolarizations Action potential
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Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Nerve
Stimulus receptors Heat Light touch Pain Cold Hair Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Nerve Connective tissue Hair movement Strong pressure
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Middle and Inner Ear
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Inside the Cochlea
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Cochlear Duct
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Balance and the Inner ear
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Taste
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Smell
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. Lateral line Lateral line canal Scale Opening of lateral line canal
Epidermis Neuromast Segmental muscles of body wall Lateral nerve Cupula Sensory hairs Supporting cell Hair cell Nerve fiber
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Statosyst Ciliated receptor cells Cilia Statolith Sensory nerve fibers
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Tympanum for hearing
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. Tympanic membrane 1 mm
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AP Biology Nervous Systems Part 5
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Actin and Myosin Microfilaments
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EXTRACELLULAR Signal molecule FLUID (first messenger) G protein DAG
GTP G-protein-linked receptor PIP2 Phospholipase C IP3 (second messenger) IP3-gated calcium channel Cellular re- sponses Various proteins activated Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ Ca2+ (second messenger) CYTOSOL
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Oscilli
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Eye Cups
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Compound eye up close
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Compound eyes of insect
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Single Eye
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Location of the Retina in your eye
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Rods vs. Cones (Look at the shape)
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Rods and Cones in the Retina
Photoreceptors Neurons Cone Rod Amacrine cell Horizontal cell Optic nerve fibers Ganglion cell Bipolar cell Pigmented epithelium
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Locomotion
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Swimming and the Fusiform body shape
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Walk/Run
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Flight
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PLASMA MEMBRANE T TUBULE
. Synaptic terminal of motor neuron PLASMA MEMBRANE Synaptic cleft T TUBULE ACh SR Ca2+ CYTOSOL Ca2+
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Myosin-binding sites blocked.
Tropomyosin Ca2+-binding sites Actin Troponin complex Myosin-binding sites blocked. Ca2+ Myosin- binding site Myosin-binding sites exposed.
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. Thick filament Thin filaments Thin filament Myosin head (low-energy
configuration) Thick filament Cross-bridge binding site Thin filament moves toward center of sacomere. Actin Myosin head (low- energy configuration) Myosin head (high- energy configuration) Cross-bridge
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AP Biology Immune Systems Part 1
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Glycolipids and Glycoproteins of the ECM
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Innate Immunity
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Phagocyte “eating” a pathogen
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Immune Response Pathogen Pin Blood clot Macrophage Blood clotting
elements Chemical signals Phagocytic cells Capillary Phagocytosis Red blood cell
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Glycolipids and Glycoproteins of the ECM
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Infected cell Microbe Antigen- presenting cell Antigen fragment
MHCs Infected cell Microbe Antigen- presenting cell Antigen fragment Antigen fragment Class I MHC molecule Class II MHC molecule T cell receptor T cell receptor Cytotoxic T cell Helper T cell
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Plant defenses - Thorns
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Plant defenses - cork
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Predatory attractants and the Signal Transduction Pathway
Recruitment of parasitoid wasps that lay their eggs within caterpillars Synthesis and release of volatile attractants Wounding Chemical in saliva Signal transduction pathway
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AP Biology Immune Systems Part 2
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Antibodies attaching to the antigen
binding sites Epitopes (antigenic determinants) Antibody A Antigen Antibody B Antibody C
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AP Biology Immune Systems Part 3
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Rh factor and Pregnancy
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LUPUS
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Neuron
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SCID
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Gene-to-gene recognition
No Avr allele; virulent pathogen R allele; plant cell becomes diseased Avr allele Avr allele; virulent pathogen No R allele; plant cell becomes diseased No Avr allele; virulent pathogen No R allele; plant cell becomes diseased If there is no gene-for-gene recognition because of one of the above three conditions, the pathogen will be virulent, causing disease to develop.
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Hypersensitive Immune Response
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