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Summer Work Lecture: Chapter 1 & 2

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1 Summer Work Lecture: Chapter 1 & 2
Neolithic Revolution, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, China, Nubia, and Early American Civs.

2 Chapter 1 From the Origins of Agriculture to the first Early River Valley Civilizations

3 When and where did the First Civilizations emerge?

4

5 Before Civilization Stone Age- 2 million to 4 thousand years ago
Stone age is subdivided into the Paleolithic age (old stone age to 10,000 years ago) and the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Stone tools are developed in the Paleolithic Age Chauvet Cave On December 18, 1994, this cave in southern France was discovered by Jean-Marie Chauvet, a French official. It contains the oldest and best preserved prehistoric cave paintings; more than three hundred paintings were found of animals that inhabited the Stone Age world, including panthers, cave bears, and mammoths. This black-painted panel in the Chauvet Cave shows horses, rhinoceroses, and wild oxen. (Jean Clottes/Ministere de la Culture) Chauvet Cave On December 18, 1994, this cave in southern France was discovered by Jean-Marie Chauvet, a French official. It contains the oldest and best preserved prehistoric cave paintings

6 The Agricultural Revolutions
The transition to agriculture took place first and is best documented in the Middle East The agricultural revolution increased population from 10 million in 5000 B.C.E to between 50 and 100 million in 1000 B.C.E Development of agriculture brought about a decline in the status of women Women’s social status would continue to decline with the rise of urban merchant class Domestication of animals proceeded at the same time as domestication of plants

7 Early Towns and Specialists
Larger Towns would also develop in Neolithic times The two best-known examples of the remains of Neolithic towns are at Jericho and Çatal Hüyük. Jericho, on the west bank of the Jordan River, was a walled town with mud-brick structures and dates back to 8000 B.C.E. Early food-producing societies used megaliths

8 Catal Huyuk Çatal Hüyük, in central Anatolia, dates to 7000–5000 b.c.e. Çatal Hüyük was a center for the trade in obsidian. What can the picture of the Right tell us about Catal Huyuk?

9 Catal Huyuk

10 4 River Valley Civilizations

11 Mesopotamia

12 Mesopotamia Mesopotamia is the alluvial plain area alongside and between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. little rainfall warm climate and good soil. The earliest people of Mesopotamia were the Sumerians Approx B.C.E

13 Mesopotamia: ”Land Between the Two Rivers”
The Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia: ”Land Between the Two Rivers” Marsh Arabs, So. Iraq

14 A Sumerian cuneiform tablet from the city of Lagash, 2112-2004 B. C
A Sumerian cuneiform tablet from the city of Lagash, B.C., from the Ur III period. This tablet contains calculations of the area of fields for the town of Lagash.

15 Mesopotamia City States Developed
Akkadian state founded by Sargon of Akkad in 2350 B.C.E Ur from B.C.E “Old Babylonian” state founded by Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code- The first great laws of early Mesopotamian society

16 Law Code of Hammurabi Law Code of Hammurabi The principal collection of laws in ancient Mesopotamia was the code of Hammurabi, the Babylonian ruler. Unearthed by French archaeologists in , this stele contained the code, which Hammurabi claimed rested on the authority of the gods. (Hirmer Verlag Munich) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

17 Overview of Ur Overview of Ur This photograph gives a good idea of the size and complexity of Ur, one of the most powerful cities in Mesopotamia (present Iraq). In the lower right-hand corner stands the massive ziggurat of Umammu. (Georg Gerster/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

18 Mesopotamian Society Kings, Priests controlled wealth
Three Classes of people 1. Free landowning people 2. Dependent farmers and artisans 3. Slaves (Prisoners of War)

19 Mesopotamian Religion
Anthropomorphic Deities (Human Characteristics For Animals or Inanimate Things) Temples (Ziggurat) Priesthood served the Gods Common people possibly had beliefs in magic Tutelary Gods (Gods that protect Each city)

20 Egypt

21 The Mighty Nile River: “Longest River in the World”

22 Egypt was traditionally divided into two areas: Upper Egypt & Lower Egypt
The climate was good for agriculture, but with little or no rainfall, farmers had to depend on the river for irrigation.

23 The Nile floods regularly and at the right time of year, leaving a rich and easily worked deposit of silt. Egyptian agriculture depended upon the floods, and crops could be adversely affected if the floods were too high or not high enough. Generally speaking, however, the floods were regular, and this inspired the Egyptians to view the universe as a regular and orderly place.

24 Egypt’s other natural resources included:
Reeds (such as papyrus for writing), Wild animals, Birds and fish, Plentiful building stone and clay, and Access to copper and turquoise from the desert and gold from Nubia.

25 Divine Kingship Historians organize Egyptian history into three periods: The Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. These three periods were divided by periods of political fragmentation and chaos. Pharaohs = King The pharaohs were regarded as gods come to earth to ensure the welfare and prosperity of the people. The death of a pharaoh was thought to be the beginning of his journey back to the land of the gods. Funeral rites and proper preservation of the body were therefore of tremendous importance.

26 Egypt vs. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia has a codified law system, Egypt does not. Discuss with your shoulder partner why you think one wrote down laws for its people and the other did not.

27 Chapter 2 New Civilizations in the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, 2200–250 B.C.E.

28 Huang He

29 Geography Two major regions- steppe, desert, high plateau west, and northwest, and the eastern zone, which is suitable for agriculture. Natural Resources- Timber, stone, metals Loess soil- North South- Rice

30 Satellite View of China

31 China vs. the U. S. in Size China United States

32 Bodies of Water Amur River Sea of Japan Yellow Sea Huang-He River
Yangtze River Xi River Pacific Ocean South China Sea

33 The Great Wall of China

34 Precipitation in China

35 Agricultural Regions in China

36 Population Density

37 China as % of World Population

38 Shang Period 1750-1027 B.C.E Pigs, Chicken, Millet domesticated
Silk textiles Shang dynasty- Origins in yellow river valley Kings- direct rule over core and indirect rule over peripheral areas Possible trade with Mesopatamia Kings Religion- Worship of male ancestors, practiced sacrifice. Kings were intermediaries between the gods and human world

39 Shang Technology Bronze Metallurgy Horse drawn chariot
Bronze weapons, ceremonial vessels Horse drawn chariot

40 Chinese Writing Developed during Shang Period
Today’s Writing Directly related

41 Zhou Period 1027-221 B.C.E. Dependent state of the Shang
Defeated Shang in the 11th century B.C.E “Mandate of Heaven” Why do you believe the Mandate of Heaven formed? Used by the zhou to justify their actions in overthrowing the Shang

42 Zhou Period Priestly Power of elite faded
Result in separation of religion and govt. Zhou divided into two periods Western Zhou, and Eastern Zhou

43 Zhou Technology Construction of long walls for defense
Iron and steel metallurgy Horse riding

44 Eastern Zhou Political Philosophies
Legalism- Human nature is wicked and selfish. People must have strict laws and harsh punishments Do you agree?

45 Confucianism Founded by Confucius
Assumes that human nature is essentially good. Hierarchical view of universe, society, and family Not influential with it’s founding, but became the dominant political philosophy in the future.

46 Daoism Founded by Laozi Universe is constantly changing
No real moral standards People should take life as it comes to them. “Whatever attitude” Do you agree?

47 Nubia 3100 B.C.E-350 C.E.

48 Early Cultures of Egyptian Domination
Natural Resources in Nubia- Gold, Precious Stones, Copper Nubian culture and Egyptian culture developed through a process of mutual influence and borrowing. Carried out trade with Old Kingdom Egypt The northern part of Nubia was occupied by Egypt during the Middle Kingdom period. Southern Part of Nubia kingdom of Kush develops by 1750 B.C.E. they were noted for metalwork and construction

49 First Civilizations in the Americas: The Olmec and Chavin
B.C.E

50 Mesoamerican Olmecs Strongest between 1200 and 400 B.C.E
Major centers of Olmec civilization were located along the coast of Mexico. The use of raised fields provided the agricultural surpluses the Olmec needed to sustain urban centers. The center of early Olmec civilization was located at San Lorenzo. Large earthen mounds dominated Olmec urban centers. Given their limited technology, Olmec architecture was very impressive.

51 Olmec head Olmec head The word Olmec comes from an Aztec term for the peoples living in southern Veracruz and western Tabasco, Mexico, between about 1500 and 300 B.C.E. All later Mesoamerican cultures derived from the Olmecs. Measuring 9 feet, 4 inches in height, and over 10 tons in weight, this colossal basalt head monument from San Lorenzo is a superb example of Olmec sculpture intended as architecture. The facial features have led some scholars to suggest African influences, but that hypothesis has not been proven. (Nathaniel Tarn/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

52 Early South American Civilization: Chavín, 900—250 b.c.e.
1. Chavín was the first major urban civilization in South America. 2. Chavín was politically and economically dominant between 900 and 250 b.c.e. 3. A combination of military strength and the appeal of its religious system explains Chavín's influence and control over its territory. Chavín possessed all the essential characteristics of later Andean civilizations, including a clan-based system of labor. 5. The evidence suggests that increased warfare led to the fall of Chavín around 200 b.c.e.

53 The area of the Chavín, as well as areas the Chavín influenced


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