1. SOUTHERN REGION FAASTeam/Area 1
Take Off and Landings
Stabilized Approaches
Following Procedures
Tampa Florida CFI’s & Pilots

2. We have a LOSS of Control Problem!
This airplane lost control on landing when the pilot flared too high and stalled in West Texas.
He attempted to taxi the airplane to the ramp, and it worked until the nose wheel collapsed.
Read and Discuss
December 6, 2008

3. Loss of Control
This “new” private pilot LOST CONTROL when he attempted to land on a public highway to look at an auction site, near Pecos, Texas.
The crosswind caught him and put him into the ditch and a fence.
December 6, 2008

4. What Part do you play in all of this??
As the CFI/DPE, you play a major function in the ability to help reduce the GA fatal accident rate.
December 6, 2008

5. Any Landing You Can Walk Away From?
Landing It’s a Matter of Risk Management
We’ve all heard this little adage before, “any landing you can walk away from is a good one” however, I don’t quite agree…
These folks walked away from this landing, but for it to be a good landing I think there is more…
December 6, 2008

6. Percent of Accidents by Phase of Flight
17%
54%
This graph shows us the percentage of accidents, by phase of flight. And the important numbers on this graph are that almost twenty percent of accidents happen during take off and departure. But even more importantly, over half, fifty-four percent of accidents happen in the approach and landing phase of flights.
We have the majority of the problems during the take off and landing. And there are quite a few reasons why. Of course we are closer to the ground, it’s a lot busier workload time, there are lot more airplanes around. There’s a lot more information for us to be perceiving, processing-and a lot more performance or response activities required from us during take off and landing.
December 6, 2008

7. Take Off Planning and Briefings
Plan your take off.
Technical Information
Runway Length
Density Altitude
Weight and Balance
Contingencies
Alternates
Performance
What If’s
Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.
December 6, 2008

8. Take Off Planning and Briefings
Brief your take off.
Passengers and Crew (Including SP Ops)
Passenger Requirements
Departure procedure
Crew Duties
Call Outs
Abort Procedure
Emergency Procedures after takeoff
What do we do in case of ???
December 6, 2008

9. Approach and Landing Accidents
Over half of all accidents occur during these phases.
The leading accident factor for takeoffs and landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents).
Other factors include obstructions, night operations, runway conditions and weather.
December 6, 2008

10. Landings “Can you identify the Risks?”
Using the model from risk management in the TO slides, see if your audience can identify the risks associated with landing at this airport.
December 6, 2008

11. Glide Path/Angle
December 6, 2008

12. Approach and Landing Accidents
Major Factors To Consider
Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT
Nonstabilized Approaches
Wind (Direction and Velocity)
Obstructions
Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear, Microburst
Runway (Condition, Length, Slope)
Night (Decreased Visibility)
December 6, 2008

13. Why Focus on Landings? Statistics indicate:
46% Of accidents occurred during the Landing phase of Flight.
Statistics indicate 40.3% of GA accidents occur during the LANDING phase of flight.
The pilot of this P210 attempted to land going too fast. With a 17 knot tailwind the airplane was allowed to touchdown in the last 1/3 of the runway, went off the side of the runway, struck some lights, signs and fence, went into a ditch and came to rest on an access road just north of the airport.
Interesting point, this pilot thought something like this would never happen to him. A rejected landing would have been the right choice.
December 6, 2008 13

14. Landings Good Approach = Good Landing Bad Approach = Bad Landing
December 6, 2008

15. Landings Good Approach = Good Landing Bad Approach = Bad Landing
Period End of Statement !!!!
December 6, 2008

16. FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
Stabilized Approach
Airspeed control- Elevator
Rate/ angle of descent controlled by Power
Emphasize that a stabilized approach consists of : airplane properly configured (gear, flaps, and power) , Maintaining extended centerline on final and desired approach speed for the weight* ( 3-5 degree glide path to a predetermined touchdown point ( within the first 1/3 of the runway).
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 16

17. Stabilized Approach
FAA Order , volume 4, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 511 discusses stabilized approaches.
Defines a stabilized approach as maintaining:
Stable speed,
Stable descent rate,
Stable vertical flight paths,
Stable configuration. VFR- Below 500 ft
IFR- Below 1000 ft
December 6, 2008

18. Stabilized Approach Proper airspeed for the segment of the approach
Correct flight path
Correct aircraft configuration for the phase of flight
Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration
Normal angle and rate of descent for the type of approach
Minor corrections for pitch and power required to maintain stabilized approach
Normal bracketing (+/-5°) used to correct for lateral navigation deviations
December 6, 2008

19. Stabilized Approach The Stabilized VFR Approach
On Glide Path, On Airspeed
Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref)
Downwind
Base
Final
Short Final
December 6, 2008

20. IAP Rate of Descent Table
Speed 30 45 60 75 90
105
120
135
150
G.S. 2
160
210
265
320
370
425
475
530
2.5
130
200
330
395
465
595
665 3
240
480
555
635
715
795
3.5
185
280
650
740
835
925 4
315
845
955
1060
4.5
355
1075
1190 5
660
1325
December 6, 2008

21. V-Ref – Approach Speeds
Vref = Landing Reference Speed at a point 50 feet above the landing threshold.
It is not less than 1.3 times the stall speed in the normal landing configuration. In simple terms.... your final approach speed.
December 6, 2008

22. V-Ref – Approach Speeds
FAR Part 23
Single engine and Multi Engine < 6000 lbs stall speed =61 kias
Vref=1.3 VSo
1.3 x 61= 79.3 kias
C-172 Vso=51
Vref (1.3x51) =66.3
PA-32 Vso=58
Vref (1.3*58) =75.4
Meaning-The last 500 ft of descent should approx. 70 Kias.
December 6, 2008

23. V-Ref – Inst. Approach Speeds
less than 90
C182 - TB20 - C208 - BE35 B
B190 - E120 - AT42 - SF34
AT72- B350 - M20T - DHC8 C
A320 - B717 - B737 - FA50
B757 - CRJ7 - C130 - LR45 D
A225 - A340 - B777 - DC10
MD11 - A330 - L101 - IL86 E
CON
December 6, 2008

24. Stabilized Approach
Do not change flap position after crossing the Final Approach Fix until the runway is in sight and landing is assured.  
If the requirements for landing from instrument conditions are not met, a missed approach must be executed.
December 6, 2008

25. Landing - Common Errors
Un-stabilized approach.
Failure to allow enough room on final to set up the approach, necessitating an overly steep approach and high sink rate.
Too low on approach resulting in possibly landing short.
Too low an airspeed on final resulting in inability to flare properly and landing hard.
Read the Slide and Discuss
Emphasize the need for total airspeed control.
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 25

26. Landing - Common Errors (continued)
Too high an airspeed resulting in floating on round out.
Prematurely reducing power to idle on round out resulting in hard landing.
Touchdown with excessive airspeed.
Excessive and/or unnecessary braking after touchdown.
Failure to maintain directional control.
Read the Slide and Discuss
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 26

27. What about the Crosswind???
Technique?
Whether “kick or crab”, proper runway alignment must be maintained!!!
Upwind wing lowered and runway center line alignment maintained using proper control inputs for the crosswind conditions
REMEMBER…
Read and Discuss
December 6, 2008

28. Crosswind Landings December 6, 2008
This is one of the most common areas of difficulty for most pilots
There are two basic techniques, the crabbing method and wing low or “side slip” method. Really the crabbing method is more suited to large aircraft. They have a lot more mass and when the rudder is used to take the crab out it takes more time for the aircraft to start moving off centerline. Whereas with a light aircraft it will move off the centerline almost immediately. The wing low or sideslip method is almost always a better technique.
As the Speed decreases so does the effectiveness of the flight controls. Many pilots also fail to continue to add more aileron control into the wind as the aircraft slows down on roll out. This can contribute to a loss of directional control.
Do you use the wind sock? Think about partial or no flap landing. Know your crosswind performance / limitations.
December 6, 2008 28

29. Crosswind Landings Common Errors
Unstabilized approach.
Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind component.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn from base leg to final approach, resulting in undershooting or overshooting.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final approach.
Read the Slide and discuss
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 29

30. Crosswind Landings Common Errors
Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.
Touchdown while drifting.
Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of control or excessive braking.
Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during rollout.
Read the Slide and discuss
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 30

31. Don’t let the conditions exceed your limits … if you start to get that “uncomfortable” feeling…
GO AROUND!!
Read and Discuss
December 6, 2008

32. Go Around From Rejected Landing
Read the Slide and discuss
YOU NEED TO MAINTAIN PROFICIENCY IN THIS MANEUVER. If it gets outside of your abilities or the capabilities of the airplane, then GO AROUND!
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 32

33. Go Around Common Errors
Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a stall
Applying only partial power
Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps) for climb
Retracting the flaps too quickly
Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures)
Read the Slide and discuss
Don’t you dare do this too late!!! Make a decision to go around! In a retractable gear airplane, leave the gear alone if you do not need the climb performance. Too many people have executed a go around only to follow it up with a gear-up landing.
FAA-H A Airplane Flying Handbook
December 6, 2008 33

34. Approach and Landing Accidents
MSA figures are extremely helpful!
The Minimum Safe Altitude, MSA, figures published on VFR charts and approach plates can be extremely helpful in these situations. Surrounding terrain, and/or obstacle heights are also listed.
December 6, 2008

35. Approach and Landing Accidents
Know altitude and distance from
Be aware of your DA or MDA
Pay attention to the MSA
Every airport with a published approach procedure has a minimum sector altitude (MSA) printed on the chart. The MSAs are 1,000 feet above all obstacles in that sector within 25 miles of the facility, or of the LOM in ILS procedure.
landing airport
December 6, 2008

36. Approach and Landing Accidents
LESSONS LEARNED
A current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can get into trouble.
The importance of preflight planning and preparation.
Night operations require extra planning.
Understand flap configurations.
Manage Your Focus of Attention.
Always fly the aircraft!
December 6, 2008

37. Approach and Landing Accidents
TRAINING SUGGESTIONS
Situational Awareness – Contingency plan for every takeoff and landing.
“Brief” the landing/go-around procedure, including flaps and airspeeds.
Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.
Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile
Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.
December 6, 2008

38. Approach and Landing Accidents
Fly some Simulation Time
Practice Approaches
Practice Missed Approaches
Practice Emergency Options
Practice Equipment Expectations
Practice-Practice-Practice
December 6, 2008

39. Thanks for Having Me!!!