1. History and Approaches
The Growth of Psychology

2. Psychology—the Offspring
Psychology has its roots in two very different fields
Physiology
Philosophy
It is neither one, nor the other—but rather a new field that draws from each
Sort of like the offspring of the two!
More heavily leaning towards physiology

3. Psychology came from Greek words The Greeks! Psyche means the Mind
or Soul
-ology means:
the study of…

4. Beliefs of the time
Hippocrates: Believed in 4 types of blood called Humors
Black Bile – depressed and sad, melancholy
Yellow - bitter, hot tempered, angry, Choleric
White – Dull and sluggish, phlegmatic
Red – happy!
SO HOW DID THEY GET CURED?

6. Famous figures—the birth of psychology
Plato delved into cognition
Aristotle had many theories most importantly about ETHICS
In Asia, Yoga and Buddhism explored consciousness

7. Meanwhile, back in Europe….
Catholic Church
In control of Europe
No interest in the “world of the flesh”
Exploration of the human body was forbidden.

8. Meanwhile, back in Europe….
Rene Descartes (Day-Cart)
Explored the nervous system and sensation and biological processes in animals
Not for 2 more centuries was there true psychology!

9. The “Dreadful secret” Charles Darwin Not a psychologist
Directed the study of humans in a scientific manner with his “dreadful secret”
Humans have evolved over time—and can therefore be studied, analyzed and understood scientifically
Not a popular idea at the time

10. Empirical Approach Standard for all psychologists
Conducted via careful observation and scientifically based research.

11. Wilhelm Wundt The “Father of Psychology”
Founder of modern psychology
Opened the first psychology lab in 1879
Applied lab techniques to the study of the mind/consciousness
Discovering Psy 2e p.4
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)

12. E.B. Tichener Student of Wundt Consciousness= Founder of Structuralism
Three elements
What we see
What we feel
Memories
Founder of Structuralism
E. B. Titchener
(1867–1927)

13. Structuralism basic sensory and perceptual processes
Studied the basic elements (structures) of thoughts and sensations (consciousness).
basic sensory and perceptual processes
Introspection – objective recording of sensations & feelings
Not scientific – too subjective, not repeatable,

15. What is this?

16. What is this?

17. What is this?

18. William James First American psychologist Opposed Structuralism
Author of the first psychology textbook
Opposed Structuralism
Founder of Functionalism
Fun Fact! Famous Brother!
p. 5 Discovering psy
William James (1842–1910)

19. Functionalism
Emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment
Used naturalistic observation
Viewed consciousness as a stream of constantly changing states .

21. William James’ Students
G. Stanley Hall – first Ph.D. in psych, started first U.S. psych lab, started the American Psychological Association.
Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman to complete Ph.D. program but Harvard didn’t give her a degree! Became first woman president of the APA.
Margaret Floy Washburn – first official Ph.D. in psychology. Studied different animal species. 2nd female president of APA.

22. Remembering William James
He is the father of American psychology
Think of Jamestown, the first American colony
James was the first American psychologist!

23. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austrian physician
Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
unconscious drives and conflicts
Hard to prove/disprove scientifically

24. Influence on “pop culture”
Freud’s Influence
Influence on “pop culture”
Freudian slips
Anal-retentive
Influence on psychology
Psychodynamic theory
Unconscious thoughts
Significance of childhood experiences

25. Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Behaviorist Russian Physiologist
Studied learning through associations
Emphasized the study of observable behaviors

26. John B. Watson (1878-1958) Founder of behaviorism
Studied only observable behavior
Emphasized objective scientific methodology
Performed the “Little Albert” experiment

27. B.F. Skinner Behaviorist Mind is a “black box” Skinner Box
Learning through rewards and observation
Reinforcement and punishment
Mind is a “black box”
Skinner Box
p. 8 Discovering psy
B. F. Skinner
(1904–1990)

28. Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow (1902-1987) (1908-1970)
Helped to create Humanistic Psychology
Study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will to reach their potential
Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.

29. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

30. Remembering Carl Rogers
Connecting Rogers to the Humanistic perspective?
Think of Mr. Roger’s from TV
He wanted to be your “neighbor”
Stressed the importance of being your unique self

31. Wolfgang Kohler Created Gestalt Psychology
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Wolfgang Kohler
( )

32. What do you see?
You See the whole picture first rather than the individual dots that make it up. – Gestalt Psychology

34. Biopsychosocial

35. Biopsychosocial
Brain chemistry that causes changes in your behavior, which affects your social.

36. biopsychosocial Biological Social Nerve compression
Reduced Muscle strength
Sensitive nervous system
Biological
Reduces concentration
Worries about what pain means
Increased irritability
Psychological
Family that is worried
Unsupportive employer
Colleagues think you’re “pathetic”
Social

37. Contemporary Perspectives
Neuroscience/Biological
Evolutionary
Behavioral
Cognitive
Socio-Cultural
Biopsychosocial

38. In a small group, identify the following for each perspective:
Let’s Practice
In a small group, identify the following for each perspective:
Origins and influence—who or what helped to create this?
Area of Interest—what do they focus on? What do they think is important to study?
Possible Research Questions—what do they want to uncover?

39. Let’s Practice
With your small group, identify how each perspective would approach the area of study
Love
Drug Abuse
Intelligence