1. 29 November 2010 Respiratory Physiology
Lab this week: A case study and measuring lung volumes and capacities with Powerlab.
Bring calculator and textbook to lab.
A reminder about abstracts:

2. Revised Abstracts are due at the start of class on Friday, December 3rd.
Q. What do I submit with my revision? A. Your revised abstract should be stapled on top of all the papers submitted with the original, along with the Grading Rubric that has your scores on the original version so that Dr. Nguyen can verify that you've addressed those aspects that need improvement.
Q. Can I get more feedback beyond the written comments? A. Yes, you may schedule an appointment with Dr. Nguyen by signing up for a time on her Office Door (Milliken 104). Appointments should take no more than about 10 minutes.
Q. Are these face-to-face consultations required? A. No. They are intended as a supplemental way to gain additional feedback prior to making revisions.
Q. Will Dr. Nguyen proofread my revised abstract before the final submission? A. No. There are over 70 abstracts and insufficient time for this degree of individual feedback.
Q. Am I allowed to consult classmates or other persons as I make revisions? A. No. This work should be entirely your own.
Q. Must I turn in a revised abstract? A. No. If you're satisfied with your grade on the original, you need not submit a revision, and your grade on the original will be the overall grade on the abstract.
Q. How much does the revision count? A. The abstract grades is based 70% upon the original and 30% on the revised, unless a revised version is not submitted, in which case the original counts 100% of the grade.
Q. Is it possible to make a lower grade than the original? A. Yes, but this is very unlikely if the author considers the reviewers suggestions and incorporates those improvements.
Q. Can I turn my abstract in early? A. Yes. Once you've made your revisions and are ready to turn it in, please do so. That will allow Dr. Nguyen to spread the workload over time, which would be much appreciated.
Q. When can we expect our final grade on abstract? A. Sometime during exam week.
Q. How can I contact Dr. Nguyen? A. at or Office Phone

3. Respiration is the overall movement of gases between the outside environment and the internal cells.
Ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation should be matched to metabolism. O2
CO2
CO2 O2
Carbon Dioxide reacts with water!
CO2 + H20 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate
So disturbances in gas exchange or ventilation are often associated with disruptions of pH.
pH changes with
Hypoventilation &
Hyperventilation

4. Gas Laws Dalton’s Law Henry’s Law
Total pressure = sum of partial pressures
PATM = P N2 + P O2 + P CO2
100% = 79% + 21% + <1%
P O2 = 0.21 x 760mmHg = 160
Partial pressure of Oxygen in atmosphere at sea level is 160 mmHg
N2 is physiologically inert; ignore
Gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressure in the air in contact with that liquid
air
P O2 =160 mmHg
blood
P O2 =160 mmHg

5. Why the difference in partial pressures in Air and Alveoli?
Ventilation by Bulk Flow
Gas exchange by Diffusion
Where should the receptors be for the negative feedback loop for homeostasis?
Gas exchange
Gradient for CO2 is only 6 mmHg;
CO2 is more soluble and permeable than O2

6. Gas exchange All gases move by diffusion. Thus limited by:
Surface area
Distance
Concentration (partial pressure) gradient
In the lung, gases must move from air to water and vice versa. The amount is proportional to
Solubility (CO2 more soluble that O2)
Temperature (colder fluids dissolve more gas)
Pressure gradient

8. Respiratory Physiology
The physics of air flow
Flow in tubes
2) Ventilation
Poiseulle’s equation

9. Bronchitis= infection/inflammation of conducting airways
The Structure underlying the function:
Upper
Respiratory
Tract
Lower
Respiratory
Tract
Bronchitis= infection/inflammation of conducting airways
Asthma = smooth muscles contract to increase resistance to airflow in conducting airways.

10. Greg R. and the story of spontaneous pneumothorax
Pneumothorax (unilateral due to each lung having its own compartment.
Visceral pleura and parietal pleura separated by fluid-filled pleural cavity which allows lung and chest wall to slide relative to each other but remain adhered unless air enters the pleural cavity (which leads to collapse of the lung and outward expansion of chest wall on that side.)
Greg R. and the story of spontaneous pneumothorax

11. Upper Tract
Sleep Apnea
&
CPAP

12. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

13. Anatomical Dead Space Relaxation/contraction of circular smooth muscle
Figure 13-2
Relaxation/contraction
of circular smooth muscle
lining these “airways’”
determines how easily
airflow can occur
(bronchodilation vs.
bronchoconstriction).
Anatomical Dead Space
Most gas exchange
occurs in the
~8,000,000
alveolar sacs.

14. Bronchopulmonary segments and Surgical resection

15. Figure 22.5
Smoker’s hack

16. Respiratory Epithelium of Airway (Not alveolus!)
Mucus escalator

18. What does a river delta and your lungs have in common?

19. Particle Filtration: deposition varies
Figure 13-2
Particle Filtration: deposition varies
Impaction
Anatomical Dead Space
Sedimentation
Decrease
In Flow
Rate
Brownian Diffusion

20. Pulmonary arterial blood = low in O2
Cartilage prevents collapse of airways during expiration.

21. Figure 22.10

22. Type I pneumocytes are simple squamous epithelia that comprise the majority of the surface area.
Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant.
Gas exchange by diffusion based on gradients.

23. Figure 13.17 Who cares? Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn
Law of LaPlace
Surfactant reduces surface tension which reduces the mechanical effort of ventilation and prevents the collapse of smaller alveoli.

25. Figure 13.19
Tidal inspiration
At end of normal tidal expiration

26. V = VT x f f = frequency = Respiratory Rate VA = (VT – VDS) x f
Anatomic dead space = air remaining in conducting zone (typically 150 ml.)
What is VA if Tidal Volume is 150 ml?