1. APES year in review – chapters 1-2
2018, The year everyone gets a 5!

2. Answers to chapter 1 pages 23-24
1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 C 6 E 7 B
8 E
9 D
10 A

3. Answers to chapter 2 page 49-50
1 B 2 D 3 E 4 C 5 A 6 B 7 E
8 C
9 B
10 E
11 D
12 C
13 E
14 A

4. Know how to……….. Convert with dimensional analysis
Make sense of the half life table
Use percentages (efficiency p 40)
Make sense of the pH scale

5. Easter Island Sustainability -Inhabitatants of Easter Island cut
down the trees to build their houses faster than the trees could grow back. Was that sustainable?

6. Easter Island Sustainability -Inhabitatants of Easter Island cut
down the trees to build their houses faster than the trees could grow back. Was that sustainable? NO

7. How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States?

8. How many Earth’s would be required if everybody has the same ecological footprint as the citizens of the United States? 5

9. Developed vs. Developing
Which category of countries have the largest ecological footprint?
Developed vs. Developing
Developed Countries
Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe Japan, South Korea
Developing Countries
Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)
1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food
80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing

10. Developed vs. Developing
Which category of countries have the largest ecological footprint?
Developed vs. Developing
Developed Countries
Canada, U.S., Australia, Western Europe Japan, South Korea
Developing Countries
Latin America, China, Africa (Kenya)
1/5 of the world’s pop. Lives in absolute poverty, illiterate, lack clean H2O and don’t have enough food
80% of world’s pop. Lives in developing co. and growing

11. Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

12. When energy is transformed the ability to do work decreases even though the quantity of energy does not change.
Describe the 2nd law of thermodynamics

13. When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take?

14. When energy transfers from one form to another or from one trophic level to the one above some of the energy does not make it to the other form or the next trophic level. What form does this “missing” energy take? HEAT

15. Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy?

16. Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy
Is the earth an open or closed system in regards to solar energy? Open because the sun’s solar rays travel through space, are absorbed/reflected by the earth and atmosphere and then are reradiated back to space.

17. How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater?
pH = 1.6
How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater?

18. pH = 1.6
How many times more acidic is stomach acid compared to rainwater? Rainwater is ph 5.6 so stomach acid is 10,000 times more acidic than rainwater

19. What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles?
YLHS

20. What happened to the salinity of Mono Lake when the LADPW diverted water from Walker Creek, which fed the lake, to the people of Los Angeles?
Salinity increased
YLHS

21. When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp?

22. When the salinity of Mono Lake increased, what happened to the algae population and the population of brine shrimp? Decreased

23. What killed the fish in the Neuse River?

24. What killed the fish in the Neuse River? Pfiesteria

25. What caused Pfiesteria to grow out of control in the Neuse River?

26. What caused Pfiesteria to grow out of control in the Neuse River
What caused Pfiesteria to grow out of control in the Neuse River? Nutrients from hog farms washed into the river.

27. The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years
The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. How much of a 100 gram sample remains radioactive after 6,000 years?

28. The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years
The half life of a radioactive sample is 2,000 years. How much of a 100 gram sample remains radioactive after 6,000 years?
Every half-life, the sample is cut in half. 100g becomes 50 grams after 2,000 years, 25 grams after 4,000 years and 12.5 grams after 6,000 years.

29. Common Units and Their Conversions
Convert 5 calories into joules
Unit
Definition
Relationship to Joules
Common Uses
calorie
Energy to heat 1 gram of water 1ْ C
energy transfer in ecosystems
Calorie
Food calorie always shown with capital C
1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie
Food labels
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1ْ C
1 Btu = 1,055 joules
Energy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour
1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ)
Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year

30. Common Units and Their Conversions
Convert 5 calories into joules 5 calories x 4 joules/ calorie = 20 joules
Unit
Definition
Relationship to Joules
Common Uses
calorie
Energy to heat 1 gram of water 1ْ C
1 calorie = joules
energy transfer in ecosystems
Calorie
Food calorie always shown with capital C
1 Calorie = 1000 calories= 1 Kilocalorie
Food labels
British Thermal Unit (Btu)
Energy to heat 1 pound of water 1ْ C
1 Btu = 1,055 joules
Energy transfer in air conditioners and home water heaters.
Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Energy expended by using 1kW of electricity for 1 hour
1kWh = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 mega-joules (MJ)
Energy used by electrical appliances kWh per year

31. A metric ton of anthracite coal contains 10,000 MJ of energy
A metric ton of anthracite coal contains 10,000 MJ of energy. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light?
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

32. A metric ton of anthracite coal has10,000 MJ of energy
A metric ton of anthracite coal has10,000 MJ of energy. Given these efficiencies, how much energy is produced as incandescent light? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

33. Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics
Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

34. Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics
Do these calculations violate the second law of thermodynamics? 10,000 MJ x .35 *.9 * .05 = MJ of incandescent light. No, energy is not lost to the system, it is transformed into heat.
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

35. When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __________
Heat
Heat
Heat
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

36. When coal is burned, most of the energy is transformed into __heat________
65%
35%
10% of the energy is lost to heat and sound when electricity is carried along power lines- transmission of energy is 90% efficient
Incandescent light bulbs are only 5% efficient
1 metric ton of coal burned has 24,000 MJ
8,400 MJ of electricity is produced

37. Which is a positive feedback loop and which is a negative feedback loop?

38. Which is a positive feedback loop and which is a negative feedback loop?

39. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

40. Is this a positive or negative feedback loop?

41. Positive or negative feedback loop?

42. Positive or negative feedback loop?

43. How many meters in a kilometer?

44. How many meters in a kilometer?

45. How many square centimeters in a square meter?

46. How many square centimeters in a square meter? 10,000 cm2

47. How many cubic meters in a cubic kilometer?

48. How many cubic meters in a cubic kilometer?3

49. The Restoration Plan for the Everglades
How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades?
●Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding.
Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean.

50. The Restoration Plan for the Everglades
How would the following two actions help to restore the everglades?
●Removing inland levees and canals that were used to prevent the natural flow of water and control flooding.
Water conservation: redirecting fresh water to restored wetlands instead of letting it drain to the ocean.
Everglades are rivers of grass that depend on water flow. Removing levees would increase the flow of fresh water.

51. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades?

52. What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades
What type of habitat is the Florida Everglades? Wetland, Riparian, river of grass, swamp, bayou

53. In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar?

54. In what way was the saving of Mono Lake and the Florida Everglades similar? Water flow was increased to both

55. Identify a type of plant found in Florida that has extensive roots that hold sediments even in hurricane conditions and provide habitat for birds and fish.

56. Identify a type of plant found in Florida that has extensive roots that hold sediments even in hurricane conditions and provide habitat for birds and fish.
Mangrove Tree

57. Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases?

58. Burning fossil fuels increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.
What happens to the temperature of the earth if the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere increases? Earth’s temperature increases.

59. What caused the fish kill in the Neusse River?

60. What caused the fish kill in the Neuse River
What caused the fish kill in the Neuse River? Too many nutrients in the river caused Pfisteria to target fish.

61. Acids and Bases
pH-log of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore each number higher on the pH scale is 10X more basic
Basic- OH- (hydroxyl ions) over 7 on the pH scale
Acidic-H+ ions under 7 on the pH scale
Neutral- pure water is 7 on the pH scale
Normal rain is slightly acidic-pH 6.4
Acid rain is defined as less than a pH of 5.5

62. What is the size of the human population?

63. What is the size of the human population? 7 Billion People

64. The ability to do work is _______

65. The ability to do work is _______

66. The rate at which work is done is known as ____________.

67. The rate at which work is done is known as power.

68. What is ozone and where is it found?

69. What is ozone and where is it found
What is ozone and where is it found? Ozone is made of 3 oxygen atoms and it is found in the stratosphere.

70. What does the ozone layer prevent and what has caused the ozone layer to be destroyed?
Purple indicates the absence of ozone

71. What does the ozone layer prevent and what has caused the ozone layer to be destroyed? The ozone layer prevents UV light from reaching Earth. UV light causes skin cancer, cataracts and reduces photosynthesis. The ozone layer can be destroyed by CFCs that come from hair sprays, Freon in air conditioners and propellants used to make Styrofoam.

72. Name the treaty the prohibited the creation of CFCs among developed nations.
After treaty

73. Name the treaty the prohibited the creation of CFCs among developed nations. Montreal Protocol

74. Name 3 greenhouse gases

75. Name 3 greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, water vapor and methane.

76. Gases associated with the Greenhouse Effect trap _________electromagnetic radiation.

77. Gases associated with the Greenhouse Effect trap infrared electromagnetic radiation.

78. What type of electromagnetic radiation splits apart ozone molecules?

79. What type of electromagnetic radiation splits apart ozone molecules
What type of electromagnetic radiation splits apart ozone molecules? Ultraviolet radiation

80. What could be added to a lake that has been made more acidic from acid rain or acid mine drainage?

81. What could be added to a lake that has been made more acidic from acid rain or acid mine drainage? Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3)

82. Water diversions from Mono Lake also dried up the Owens Valley
Water diversions from Mono Lake also dried up the Owens Valley. Name a human health effect associated with the dry Owens Valley.

83. Water diversions from Mono Lake also dried up the Owens Valley
Water diversions from Mono Lake also dried up the Owens Valley. Name a human health effect associated with the dry Owens Valley. Wind blown dust causes eye and lung problems and arsenic poisoning.

84. Ecosystems are made up of interactions of abiotic and biotic components. Give two examples of each.

85. Ecosystems are made up of interactions of abiotic and biotic components. Give two examples of each.
ABIOTIC (nonliving)
BIOTIC (living)
Sun
Deer, turtle
Dirt
Fish, frog, eagle
Air
Dragon fly
Rock
Plant (flower, grass, cattail)
nutrients
Raccoon

86. What element is the most abundant in humans and rocks?

87. What element is the most abundant in humans and rocks? Oxygen

88. Explain how burning coal causes acid rain.

89. Explain how burning coal causes acid rain
Explain how burning coal causes acid rain. Burning coal releases sulfur which lowers the pH of rain

90. Why do scientists use environmental indicators for and give an example of an environmental indicator.

91. Why do scientists use environmental indicators for and give an example of an environmental indicator. Environmental indicators give clues as to the health of the environment. The amount of carbon dioxide, ozone, fecal matter, nutrients, population size and amount of resources are all environmental indicators.