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P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department

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Presentation on theme: "P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department"— Presentation transcript:

1 P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department
Electricity Generation using Steam Power Plants : Current & Future Technologies P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Right Placement of Energy into a Material …..

2 The Family of Steam Engines
A Direct Hardware Creations to the Essential Need …..

3 Pearl Street Station : Edison Illuminating Company
This worlds first power station started generating electricity on September 4, 1882, serving an initial load of 400 lamps at 82 customers. By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10,164 lamps. The station was built by the Edison Illuminating Company, which was headed by Thomas Edison. The station was originally powered by custom-made Porter-Allen high-speed steam engines designed to provide 175 horsepower at 700 rpm. Pearl Street Station was also the world's first cogeneration plant. While the steam engines provided grid electricity, Edison made use of the thermal byproduct by distributing steam to local manufacturers, and warming nearby buildings on the same Manhattan block.

4 Steps to Build A Steam Power Plant
Conversion of available resource into usable form of resource. Combustion & Heat Transfer Thermodynamics – Carnot & Rankine Utilization of usable form into Mechanical Power Displacement Work Flowing Fluid Work Parson’s Approach De Laval’s Approach

5 Sadi Nicolas Léonard Carnot Father of Civilized Engineering
1814: After graduating, Carnot went to the École du Génie at Metz to take the two year course in military engineering. He realized that the most important requirement of a nation to develop fast is Motive Power. 1819: Carnot began to attend courses at various institutions in Paris. The problem occupying Carnot was how to design good steam engines. Steam power already had many uses Draining water from mines, Excavating ports and rivers, Forging iron, Grinding grain, and Spinning and weaving cloth But it was inefficient

6 The First Template…. A hypothetical, but very efficient idea.
An idea needs to be translated into an equipment.

7 Analysis of Cycle First law for a cycle:

8 Engine Performance Made Easy
Work done per unit volume of the engine: Mean Effective Pressure

9 Carnot

10 Use of Carnot Model for Optimization of Power Plant
Minimize the capital & running costs. Compact and efficient.

11 A Major Crossroad Confusion: How to go from <6% to 75% Efficiency ???????

12 Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872)

13 Heat addition/Rejection at Constant Temperature

14 Rankine’s Engineering of Carnot Cycle
W J M Rankine ~ 1860

15 Cycles for Practical Thermal Power Plants
Shaft Power Generation Systems

16 The first Step in Innovation of A Power Plant
p=constant Rankine Cycle Brayton Cycle Process 1 2 Isentropic compression Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion Process 4  1 Constant Pressure heat rejection

17 The Rankine Cycle : A Feasible template

18 Steam Generator : Isobaric Heat Addition
out in No work transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are negligible Assuming a single fluid entering and leaving…

19 Quasi-static Constant Pressure Steam Generation
Tin,fluegas Tout.fluegas Tsteam,out Twater,in

20 Rankine Cycle using Nuclear Fuel As A Source of Thermal Energy

21 Rankine Cycle using Geothermal Energy As A Source of Thermal Energy

22 Ranking Cycle using Solar Thermal Energy

23 Ranking Cycle for Biomass Thermal Power Plant

24 Selection of Steam Generation Pressure in A Rankine Cycle

25 Selection of Steam Generation Pressure in A Rankine Cycle

26 Constant Pressure Steam Generation Process
Theory of flowing Steam Generation Constant Pressure Steam Generation: A clue to get high temperature with same amount of burnt fuel

27 Steam Generation : Expenditure Vs Wastage
Vapour Liquid +Vapour h Liquid s

28 Variable Pressure Steam Gneration
h s

29 Analysis of Steam Generation at Various Pressures
Specific Pressure Enthalpy Entropy Temp Volume MPa kJ/kg kJ/kg/K C m3/kg 1 3500 7.79 509.9 0.3588 2 5 7.06 528.4 3 10 6.755 549.6 4 15 6.582 569 20 6.461 586.7 6 25 6.37 602.9 7 30 6.297 617.7 8 35 6.235 631.3 0.0102

30 Fuel Savings during Steam Generation
Specific Temp Pressure Volume Enthalpy Entropy C MPa m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg/K 575 5 0.0762 3608 7.191 10 3563 6.831 12.5 3540 6.707 15 3516 6.601 17.5 3492 6.507 20 3467 6.422 22.5 0.0152 3441 6.344 25 3415 6.271 30 3362 6.138 35 3307 6.015

31 Law of Nature Behavior of Vapour at Increasing Pressures
Reversible nature of substance at a given temperature All these show that the irreversible behavior of a fluid decreased with increasing pressure.

32 Creation/Reduction of Wastage

33 Less Fuel for Creation of Same Temperature

34 Evolution of Rankine Cycle thru Pressure of Steam Generation

35 Carnot Analysis of Constant Pressure Steam Generation Process
Heat Addition in Steam Generator, qin Define entropy based mean

36 Carnot Temperatures in A Rankine Cycle

37 Analysis of Cycle First law for a cycle:

38 Performance Analysis of Rankine Cycle

39 Carnot Model of The Rankine Cycle
smin smax

40 Increasing of Mean Temperature of Heat Addition
pmax=17Mpa h=42.05% Tin,mean=284.40C 1 2 3 4 Tmax=5500C 1 2 3 4 pmax=5Mpa h=37.8% Tin,mean=246.30C

41 Supercritical Rankine Cycle
3sub 4sub T 2 1 s

42 Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle
23.5MPa 22MPa 18MPa 10MPa 6MPa 3MPa h 1MPa Tmax

43 Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle
h P max

44 Parametric Study of Rankine Cycle
w, kJ/kg 3000C D.S.S. Pmax, MPa

45

46 Historical Progress in Rankine Cycle
Year 1907 1919 1938 1950 1958 1959 1966 1973 1975 MW 5 20 30 60 120 200 500 660 1300 p,MPa 1.3 1.4 4.1 6.2 10.3 16.2 15.9 24.1 Th oC 260 316 454 482 538 566 565 TrhoC Pc,kPa 13.5 5.1 4.5 3.4 3.7 4.4 5.4 h,% -- ~17 27.6 30.5 35.6 37.5 39.8 39.5 40

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