1. Can we have thoughts without language? If so, what would that be like?

2. Phonemes Phonemes for other languages can be hard…Rolled R in Spanish.
44 sounds in English Language…any difficult?
(/r/ & /l/)
Chin (3)
Habits (5)
Thing (3)
Thought (3)      
Psychology (8)
Three (3)   
Hopes (4)
Weigh (2)
Please (4)        
Sun (3)
Wish (3)
Enough (4)
Nation (5)
Quickly (6)
Laughed (4)

3. English, as a written language, differs from the phonetic sounds
English, as a written language, differs from the phonetic sounds. (must harder to read than to talk)
apple/apply
bath/bathe
heal/health
cats/dogs
thin/then
pat/bat
pot/spot
tar/star
*Letters we don’t pronounce.
*Letters that can have more than 1 sound.

4. Morphemes Smallest Semantic unit in a language Unladylike Un: Not
lady: (Well behaved) female adult human
like: Having the characterics of
People (1) Redevelopment (3) Swimming (2) Desirability (3) Education (2) Unhappy (2) Remain (1) Misspell (2) Water (1) Higher (2) Finger (1) Houseboat (2) Antidisestablishmentarianism (7)
Dogs
Dog: Particular Animal
s: plural; more than one

5. Text Twist
Utilizing common Phonemes and Morphemes.

6. Grammar A set of rules that enables communication Syntax
Rules for making words into sentences.
Semantics
Set of rules to derive meaning.
Add “s” to make something plural
Adding “ed” makes a verb past tense.
Word “Coke” can mean different things depending on geography.
They were hunting dogs. (2 possible meanings)
Figures of speech (Raining Cats & Dogs)
Misplaced Modifiers:
Covered with hot melted cheese, we ate the pizza.
“Baby Milk Drinks” has no meaning in English.
Noun comes before the verb.
Adjectives come before nouns.
“I no like” not syntactically correct, but has meaning.
When joining two sentences use (,but) (,and)
"Colorless green ideas sleep furiously“ is syntactically correct, but carries no meaning.

7. Stages of Language Development
Receptive Language: Ability to understand speech. (Comes first)
Producing Language
Babbling
(3-4 Months)
1 Word Stage
(1 Year)
2 Word Stage
(2 Years)
Practicing Phonemes
No meaning
Single, Meaningful words
Combine Nouns & Verbs
(Telegraphic Speech)
Can say Phonemes for any Language!
Starts out as Babble with Meaning
Overregularization
Misapplication of grammar rules
“Deers” instead of “Deer”
*Babies learn language through calculating statistics.

8. Theories of Acquisition
Operant Conditioning
(BF Skinner)
Inborn Universal Grammar
(Noam Chomsky)
Children learn language through reinforcement, Association, & Imitation
Should animals be able to learn language if this is true?
Children have a predisposition or are born with an ability to learn a specific language
We have a Language Acquisition Device that allows our brain to become wired for language.
All languages have the same grammatical building blocks (Nouns & Verbs), indicating a Universal Grammar that can only be explained through genes.
Genie, feral children, & Nicaraguan deaf children, provide evidence.
nurture
nature

9. Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf)
Language can influence the way we think about the world.
Entitlement System
vs.
Social Safety Net
Illegal Immigrants
Undocumented Immigrants
vs.
25 Words w/ no translation
21 Emotions that we don’t have in English
“We ‘feel free’ because we lack the very language to articulate our unfreedom"
- Slavoj Zizek
(Slovenian Philosopher)

10. (Usually Left Hemisphere) (Usually Left Hemisphere)
The Brain
Broca’s Area
(Frontal Lobe)
(Usually Left Hemisphere)
Generates Speech
Wernicke’s Area
(Frontal Lobe)
(Usually Left Hemisphere)
Comprehending/Understanding Speech
Angular Gyrus
Turns written language that we read into an auditory code.
Aphasia
Refers to the inability to either produce speech (Damaged Broca’s Area) or the inability to understand language (Damaged Wernicke’s Area)

11. Language & Savings Behavior
TED Talk