1. Introduction to Earth Science

2. Case STUDY: Di-hydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
Why do we study science?
Case STUDY: Di-hydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
The following facts about DHMO are true and have been scientifically verified:

3. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
1). DHMO causes the deaths of more
than 10,000 people each year, when
it’s accidentally taken internally.
A small amount (a few milliliters)
is needed to kill.

4. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
2). DHMO in the body’s tissues has
been linked to such sometimes
fatal conditions as high blood
pressure, pulmonary edema and
heart failure. DHMO has also been
found in tumors in terminal cancer
patients.

5. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
3). Symptoms of DHMO in the body
include excessive sweating and
urination, bloating, and electrolyte
imbalance. Amazingly, however,
even a small exposure to DHMO
can result in addiction. For those
who have become dependent on
DHMO, withdrawal always leads
to death.

6. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
4). Prolonged contact with the solid,
liquid, or even vapor states of this
material can result in burns which
can take weeks to heal.

7. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
5). The presence of DHMO in the
environment contributes to the
greenhouse effect, and is
contributing to global warming.

8. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
6). DHMO, also known as hydroxyl
acid, is a component of acid rain,
which causes millions of dollars of
damage to buildings and
monuments annually.

9. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO)
7). The presence of DHMO in creeks,
streams, and rivers increases the
rate of soil erosion, causing the
loss of much topsoil every year.
This decreases the yields of our
farms. Unfortunately, DHMO is
found in high levels in nearly every
stream and river in the United
States. It’s even sometimes found
in the soil itself.

10. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO)
8). The presence of high levels of
DHMO in the oceans increased the
severity of the tsunami that struck
the coasts of Indonesia and
Malaysia in DHMO which had
vaporized from industrial and
municipal facilities also increased
the severity of Hurricane Katrina,
which devastated New Orleans
in 2005.

11. Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO) The Colorless, Odorless Killer
9). DHMO has been found world-wide,
in every ecosystem from the
tropics to polar regions. It’s even
been isolated from Antarctic ice,
where it’s been involved in the
deaths of thousands of arctic
birds, seals, and even polar bears.

12. So why do we continue to use DHMO?
DHMO is an effective, and relatively inexpensive industrial solvent. It will dissolve some substances that few other industrial solvents will dissolve.
It’s an effective fire-retardant chemical.
It’s an effective coolant in nuclear power plants.

13. The contamination is reaching epidemic proportions!
1). U.S. and multinational corporations are dumping millions of gallons of spent and waste DHMO into the environment annually. Although these emissions are regulated by the EPA, the practice is still very wide-spread!

14. The contamination is reaching epidemic proportions!
2). The U.S. Government has refused to ban the production, distribution, and use of this dangerous chemical, even though alternatives exist for nearly every application!
3). The U.S. military is conducting experiments with DHMO and developing billion-dollar devices to control and utilize this substance during wartime!

15. What can be done?
Write the President and your Congressman and Senators, urging that this deadly chemical be banned from use! Demand that the Government clean up all traces of this killer from the environment!
Act NOW to prevent further contamination. Find out more about this dangerous chemical. What you don't know can hurt you and others throughout the world.

16. Di-hydrogen = 2 hydrogen = H2
Oh, by the way,
DHMO is water!
Di-hydrogen = 2 hydrogen = H2
Monoxide = 1 oxygen = O
H2O

17. Scientific Instruments
Common
Instrument
Volume of Regular,
Rectangular Objects (a box)
Volume of Irregularly
Shaped Objects (rocks)
Mass
Distance
Time
ruler
graduated cylinder
scale
ruler
stop watch

25. MASS

26. Volume and Density

27. Formulas
density:
percent error (deviation):
rate of change:

28. Formulas
Page 1
Add this to ESRT

29. What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
Accuracy
What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
a. to the nearest tenth
one decimal place
Example: 0.1
b. to the nearest hundredth
two decimal places
Example: 0.01
to the nearest thousandth
three decimal places
Example: 0.001

30. Do question number 2 on your own.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. What is the density of a mineral if the measured mass is 42 grams and volume is 7 milliliters?
1. What is the density of a mineral if the measured mass is 42 grams and volume is 7 milliliters?
Write the equation.
Plug in the numbers.
Solve with units.
Do question number 2 on your own.

31. PRACTICE PROBLEMS
2. What is the density of a mineral whose mass is 10.8 g and volume is 4 ml?
Write the equation.
Plug in the numbers.
Solve with units.
Density = 10.8 g = 2.7 g/ml
4 ml

32. Do question number 4 on your own.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
3. Determine the percent error if a student determines the density of a mineral to be 10.5 g/ml when the actual density is 10.0 g/ml.
Write the equation.
Plug in the numbers
Solve with units
Do question number 4 on your own.

33. Percent Error = 8.6 g/ml – 8.2 g/ml x 100% 8.2 g/ml
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
4. Determine the percent error if a student determines the density of a rock to be 8.6 g/ml when the actual density is 8.2 g/ml.
Write the equation.
Plug in the numbers.
Solve with units.
Percent Error = 8.6 g/ml – 8.2 g/ml x 100%
8.2 g/ml
Percent Error = x 100% = 4.9%
8.2

34. PRACTICE PROBLEMS
5. If the temperature changes 7.5o C in 3 hours, what is the rate of temperature change?

35. Rate of change = change in field value time
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
If the elevation along the NYS Thruway changes 500 feet during 6 hours of driving, what is the rate of change in elevation?
Write the equation.
Plug in the numbers.
Solve with units.
Rate of change = change in field value
time
Rate of change = 500 feet = ft/hr
6 hours

36. How much stuff there is in something.
Mass
How much stuff there is in something.
The amount of matter (atoms) in an object.
Massive means big or lots of stuff.
MATTER

37. Volume

38. Density

39. Percent Deviation

40. Graphical Relationships
Direct Relationship:
increases
As one variable increases, the other __________________.
example
Photosynthesis
Bad Breath
Onions Eaten
Amount of Sunlight

41. Graphical Relationships
Examples

42. Graphical Relationships
Indirect Relationship:
decreases
As one variable increases, the other __________________
example
People Sitting Near You
Beans Eaten

43. Graphical Relationships
Examples

44. Graphical Relationships
Cyclic Relationship:
As one variable increases, the other
changes in a predictable pattern
Events that are cyclic are also ___________________
predictable

45. Graphical Relationships
Examples

46. Graphical Relationships
No Relationship:
stays the same
As one variable increases, the other __________________
Stunning Good Looks
My Age

47. Graphical Relationships
Examples

48. Graphical Relationships in Words
State in words the relationship between relief and the average rate of erosion as shown in the graph.
As relief increases, the average rate of erosion increases

49. Graphical Relationships in Words
State in words the relationship between air temperature and relative humidity.
As the air temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases

50. PRACTICE PROBLEMS
As the amount of batting practice increases, your batting average increases.
Amount of
batting practice
Batting average
Actually, at some point, your batting average will stop increasing, causing the graph to level off.

51. Introduction to Earth Science Do graphs 2-4 on your own.
Mark Place,

52. As the amount of light available increases, plant growth increases.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Month of the year
(two year period)
Average Daytime
High Temperature
As the months pass over 2 years, average high temperature vary in a cyclic pattern.
Amount of
hawks and owls
Rodent population
As the amount of hawks and owls increases, the rodent population decreases.
Amount of
light available
Plant growth
As the amount of light available increases, plant growth increases.

53. Observations, Inferences, Classification
What is used to make an observation?
HEAR
SEE
the five senses
SMELL
TASTE
TOUCH

54. Observations, Inferences, Classification
What is used to make an observation?
HEAR
SEE
the five senses
SMELL
TASTE
TOUCH

55. Ready for some observation practice?
Observations
Ready for some observation practice?

56. After observations have
been collected.
What does it mean to
make an inference?
make an educated guess
(an hypothesis)

57. Practice Problems:
The container is filled to the 350 ml mark.
Observation or Inference
The Sun rose at 6:54 this morning.
The caterpillar did not eat the moth because it is not a carnivore
Dinosaurs became extinct because they could not adapt to the environment.
I smell some food that smells good.

58. Write 2 observations and 2 inferences based on the picture.

59. Does the next picture change any of your observations or inferences?
If so, explain.

60. Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Rocks

61. Types of Stars Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Stars

62. Rate of Change

63. Observation

64. Inference

65. Classification

66. Name the common scientific
instrument used to measure mass:
scale
If an object is heated, what happens
to its mass? Why?
NOTHING!
THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS REMAINS
THE SAME

67. If an object has a mass of 240g on Earth, its mass on the moon will be (more, less, the same).
Why?
the same
THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS REMAINS
THE SAME

68. What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
Volume of a regular rectangular object:
What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
ruler

69. What is the formula for finding the volume of this object?
V = L x W x H

70. Calculate the volume of this object to the
nearest tenth of a cm3. Show all formulas.
V = L x W x H
= 4.0 x 3.2 x 12.3
= cm³

71. VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object:
What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock?
graduated cylinder

72. Describe the process you would use.
VOLUME of an irregularly
shaped object:
Describe the process you would use.
Put water into cylinder.
Measure volume of water.
Place object in cylinder.
Re-measure volume of water.
Subtract volumes.

73. DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE
page 7

74. DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE

75. When an object is heated, it and the atoms become
DENSITY:
HOW TIGHTLY PACKED
THE ATOMS ARE
When an object is heated, it
and the atoms become
packed. Therefore the object becomes dense.
expands
less
less

76. contracts Density more more page 7 HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE
When an object is cooled, it
and the atoms become
packed. Therefore the object becomes
dense.
contracts
more
Density
more
page 7

77. density
Density
temperature

79. What happens to the density of an object when it is split into smaller parts? why?
nothing!
the atoms are still
packed the same
page 7

80. Density of different size pieces

81. ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table – Page 1
Density
What is the formula for density?
density = mass / volume
page 7
hint
ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table – Page 1

82. Sample Problems density = mass / volume = 240g / 12cm³ = 20.0 g/cm³
A rock has a mass of 240g and a
volume of 12cm³.
Showing all formulas and calculations,
determine the density of the rock.
Sample Problems
density = mass / volume
= 240g / 12cm³
= 20.0 g/cm³
page 7

83. Sample Problems density = mass / volume = 120g / 40cm³ page 7
The box below has a mass of 120g.
Showing all formulas and calculations,
determine the density of the box.
Sample Problems
2.0 cm
volume = L x W x H
10.0 cm
= 2.0cm x 2.0cm x 10.0cm
2.0 cm
= 40.0 cm³
density = mass / volume
= 120g / 40cm³
page 7
= 3.0 g/cm³

84. Sample Problems page 8 If the empty container has a mass of 100g and
the filled container has a mass of 250g.
What is the density of the liquid inside?
Show all work below.
mass of liquid
Sample Problems
250g – 100g = 150g
density of liquid
density = mass/volume
page 8
= 150g /100mL = 1.5 g/mL

85. Density of water: 4 expands Water is most dense at _______°C.
This is because water _______________ above
and below this temperature
expands
4°C

86. ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table – Page 1
Density of water:
The density of water
when it is most dense is:
1.00 g/mL
hint
ESRT: Earth Science Reference Table – Page 1

87. Any material with a density
Density of water:
Float or Sink
Any material with a density
less than water will
FLOAT

88. Any material with a density greater than water will
Density of water:
Float or Sink
Any material with a density
greater than water will
SINK

89. Density of water example:
If an object has a mass of 25g and a volume of 50mL, will it sink or float in liquid water?
= 25g ÷ 50mL
D = m ÷ v
= 0.5 g/mL
it will FLOAT

90. Phases of Matter & Density
During which phase of matter (solid,
liquid, or gas) are most materials:
most dense?
least dense?
solid
gas

91. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM A balance between opposing forces.
Small changes occur, but the overall system stays the same.

92. Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a
system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

93. Dynamic Equilibrium Give a real life, earth science example of a
system that is in dynamic equilibrium.

94. A boundary between two things with different properties.
INTERFACE
A boundary between two things with different properties.

95. Interfaces
Give a real-life,
earth science example
of an interface.
fronts

96. Give three real-life, earth science, examples of cyclic events
phases of moon
yearly temperatures
sunspots
tides
sunrise & sunset

97. Dynamic Equilibrium

98. Interface

99. Cyclic Events

100. ESSENTIAL GRAPHS

101. ESRT Earth Science Reference Table
Page 1 – Rate of Change Equation, Density Equation, Properties of Water,
Average Chemical Composition.

102. ESRT Earth Science Reference Table
Page 1 – Rate of Change Equation, Density Equation, Properties of Water,
Average Chemical Composition.

103. ESRT Earth Science Reference Table Page 10 – Inferred Properties
of the
Earth’s Interior

104. ESRT Earth Science Reference Table
Page 14 – Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere