1. The Age of Napoleon Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus
Disaster and Defeat
Map: Russian Campaign,1812
The Last Campaigns
The Congress of Vienna
Map: Europe after the Congress of Vienna

2. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction
Preview, continued
The Revolution’s Legacy
Faces of History: Prince Klemens von Metternich
Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts
Video: The Impact of the French Revolution

3. Napoleon’s Europe Main Idea Reading Focus
Napoleon Bonaparte rose through military ranks to become emperor over France and much of Europe.
Reading Focus
How did Napoleon rise to power?
How did Emperor Napoleon come to dominate Europe?
What were Napoleon’s most important policies?

4. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Witness History Audio: Enter Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Rises to Power
Napoleon was a military hero to the French and moved from being a general to being a member of a three-man Consulate who ruled France. Through votes by French citizens, he then rose to First Consul and eventually to Emperor.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
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5. Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Napoleon Bonaparte, ruthlessly ambitious, rose from army captain to ruler of France in a very short time. He took advantage of the turmoil of the French Revolution.
Napoleon, brilliant military leader
In charge of French interior at 26
Invaded Italy and Egypt
Defeat by Admiral Horatio Nelson kept from newspapers
Became national hero
Opportunities for Glory
Napoleon Seizes Power
Directory weak and ineffective
Fear of royalists and of European opposition
November 1799 coup d’état
France to be led by Consulate
Napoleon voted first consul, in effect a dictator
Napoleon promised order and stability, pledging to uphold key reforms. The French gave up some freedoms for peace and prosperity.

8. What events led to Napoleon’s rise to power?
Summarize
What events led to Napoleon’s rise to power?
Answer(s): stopped royalists from regaining power, defended French interior, won battles in Italy, kept borders secure, won territory for France, covered up Battle of Nile, coup d'état

9. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Napoleon Reforms France
Napoleon’s government valued order and authority. He made reforms to improve the economy and made peace with the Catholic Church. He also instituted a new code of laws that recognized the equality of all citizens under the law.
Witness History Audio: The British Against Napoleon
Color Transparency 108: Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis David
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Note Taking Transparency 78
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10. Emperor Napoleon Once France under control, Napoleon turned to Europe
Napoleon crowns himself
Submitted a plebiscite before voters
Emperor Napoleon I
Desire for empire
Wanted to rule Europe and the Americas
French expedition to Saint Domingue (Haiti today) failed
Napoleon sold Louisiana Territory and turned his focus to Europe

11. Napoleon’s Policies Church-State Relations Economic Reforms
Antireligious nature of French Revolution over
Concordat recognized influence of Roman Catholic Church
Economic Reforms
Established the Bank of France to regulate economy
More efficient tax-collection system
Legal and Educational
Napoleonic Code developed
Order and authority over individual rights
Schools for government and military positions
Legacy—Age of Napoleon
Democratic ideas
Equality before law, representative system
Spread of nationalism

12. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Napoleon Builds an Empire
Napoleon’s armies invaded and annexed the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany. In lands he didn’t control militarily, he tried to place friends and relatives in positions of power. Britain, however, successfully resisted Napoleon’s actions through the force of its navy.
Geography Interactive: Napoleon’s Power in Europe, 1812
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
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13. Quest to Conquer Europe
Napoleonic Wars Begin
Extension of wars fought during the French Revolution, would last a decade
France dominant power in Europe
French empire grew rapidly, but fell apart more quickly
Nelson and British navy won Battle of Trafalgar off coast of Spain
Napoleon defeated Russian and Austrian troops at Austerlitz

14. Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St
Bonaparte Crossing the Alps at the Grand-St.-Bernard, by Jacques Louis David
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15. Continental System The Peninsular War
“Nation of shopkeepers,” Great Britain continued to defy Napoleon
Blockade prohibited French or allied ships from trade with Britain
Britain required ships from neutral countries to stop in British ports
War of 1812 one result
Continental System
Troops to Portugal and Spain
Spanish people revolted in 1808
Great Britain stepped in to help
Guerrilla war with Spanish kept French busy
Napoleon finally pulled out of Spain
The Peninsular War

17. Napoleon Dominates Europe
Mastered Most of Europe
Through treaties, alliances, and victories in battle
Controlled much of Europe by 1812
Free of Control
Great Britain remained an enemy
Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire escaped Bonaparte’s grip
Rewarded Relatives
Relatives put in power; brothers on thrones of Holland, Naples, and Sicily
Sisters and stepson held powerful positions

20. What regions of Europe did Napoleon dominate?
Summarizing
What regions of Europe did Napoleon dominate?
Answer(s): all nations except Great Britain, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire

21. Identify Cause and Effect
How did Napoleon’s reforms affect French society?
Answer(s): Napoleon made some basic revolutionary ideas part of the French government.

22. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Napoleon’s Empire Faces Challenges
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, other countries began to revolt against French occupation and culture. There were not enough soldiers to secure each territory and strike at Russia. To make matters worse, Russian troops had burned crops and villages along the French route, leaving them without food or shelter during the brutal winter.
Witness History Video: Napoleon’s Lost Army
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
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23. Disaster and Defeat Portugal Russia Costly Mistake
Napoleon surprised by inability to control Portugal
Peninsular campaign was a failure
Russia
Czar Nicholas I didn’t like French troops on western border
Russia hurt by Continental System; country needed imports
Costly Mistake
Napoleon turned east in 1812
Hoped to teach Russia a lesson

24. The Russian Campaign June 1812 French Army No One to Fight
Napoleon and army of 600,000 troops
Marched across Russian border
French Army
New recruits with no loyalty
Supplies lost or spoiled
Disease, desertion, and hunger
No One to Fight
Russian troops pulled east
French victory at Borodino, but Russian army still strong
Pushed to Moscow but found city in flames
Retreat Homeward
Ruined city, no winter supplies
Starvation and freezing temperatures decimated army
Only 94,000 men survived

28. Identify Cause and Effect
What factors contributed to Napoleon’s failure in Russia?
Answer(s): soldiers lacked loyalty to Napoleon, extreme heat, supplies lost or spoiled, disease, desertion, hunger, Russian troops withdrew, harsh Russian winter

29. Napoleon’s Fall and Europe’s Reaction
Main Idea
After defeating Napoleon, the European allies sent him into exile and held a meeting in Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe.
Reading Focus
What events caused disaster and defeat for Napoleon?
What were Napoleon’s last campaigns?
What did the Congress of Vienna achieve?
What is the legacy of the French Revolution?

30. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Napoleon Falls from Power
France’s Russian disaster gave birth to the alliance of Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia. They defeated France in Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba, and the monarchy was restored in France. Napoleon then escaped Elba and returned to rule for a short time, until his troops were beaten again in battle. He died while in exile on the island of St. Helena, but his conquests helped to spread the ideas of the French revolution throughout Europe and Russia.
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
Color Transparency 111: Two Kings of Terror
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31. Defeat and Exile to Elba
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain allied against France
Napoleon raised another army, but troops inexperienced
In October 1813 Napoleon defeated at Battle of the Nations near Leipzig
In March 1814, victorious allies entered Paris.
Terms of surrender—Napoleon gave up throne and went into exile on tiny island of Elba

33. The Last Campaigns The Hundred Days
French monarchy restored with King Louis XVIII
King unpopular; Napoleon returns after year in exile
Louis panicked and fled; Napoleon declared outlaw by allies
Paris cheered Napoleon’s return
Brief period of renewed glory-the Hundred Days

35. The Last Campaigns Battle of Waterloo Napoleon’s Final Days
Louis XVIII restored to the throne by coalition forces
Tried to escape capture from the British (to the U.S.), sent to exile in Saint Helena
Volcanic island in South Atlantic
Remained imprisoned for six years
Died at 51; cause of death never determined
Duke of Wellington led final confrontation
Battle of Waterloo
British and Prussian armies
Crushing defeat for Napoleon
End of the Napoleonic Wars
The responsibility for this disaster laid with the Emperor himself:
-He was probably already very sick by then and there were some undeniable signs of deterioration in his overall ability. -He had become arrogant and overconfident in his own abilities.
-The Napoleon of before 1815 would not have lost this battle.

36. The Two Kings of Terror
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42. Draw Conclusions
How was Napoleon able to escape exile in Elba and return to command the French army?
Answer(s): hired a ship to return him to France and won the support of people and the army

43. The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 4: The Age of Napoleon
Leaders Meet at the Congress of Vienna
At the Congress of Vienna, European leaders tried to create a lasting peace by placing strong countries around France and by protecting the system of monarchy. Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain maintained their alliance. Nationalism, however, would come back to haunt Europe soon enough.
Color Transparency 112: Europe After the Congress of Vienna
Geography Interactive: Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815
Notes: Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals.
After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “How does Napoleon’s statement after his victory at Lodi, Italy, reflect his ambition?” (Napoleon felt he was only just beginning.)
When showing Color Transparency 108, have students discuss the artist’s attitude toward Napoleon and describe elements that support their conclusions.
When showing Color Transparencies 111 and 112, use the lessons suggested in the transparency book to guide discussion.
QuickTake Section Quiz
Progress Monitoring Transparency
QuickTake Section Quiz
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44. The Congress of Vienna Negotiators Metternich
Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain
Czar Alexander I of Russia
Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France
Metternich
Distrusted democracy and political change
Dominated the congress, wanted to restore the balance of power
Goals for Other Decision Makers
Make sure France could not rise again to such power
Put down revolution wherever it might appear
Remove traces of French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule

46. Redrawing the Map National borders New Countries Process France’s loss
Congress changed many borders
Wanted to strengthen nations surrounding France
New Countries
Union of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands as the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Austria and 38 German states in German Confederation
Process
Countries that aided France lost territory
Countries that fought France gained territory
Talleyrand arranged trades
France’s loss
Was not allowed to keep any conquered territory
Boundaries back to 1792
Forced to pay indemnity, or compensation for damages

48. Metternich’s Influence
Restoring Monarchies
Napoleon had eliminated royal control in many countries.
Members of the old Bourbon royal family were returned to the thrones of Spain and Sicily.
Monarchies were restored in Portugal and Sardinia.
Metternich’s Influence
His reactionary attitudes influenced politics and society.
Wanting a return to absolute monarchy, he despised constitutions, voting rights, and freedom of religion and the press.
Liberal ideas were suppressed in Austria, the German states, and northern Italy.

49. Europe After the Congress of Vienna

50. What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?
Summarize
What were the main goals of the Congress of Vienna?
Answer(s): restore order, stability, and balance of power; ensure France could not rise again; suppress revolution

51. The Revolution’s Legacy
Was the French Revolution a failure?
After Congress of Vienna, monarchs ruled again
Citizens’ rights restricted
Nobles returned to their previous lifestyles
French Revolution changed Europe
Monarchies no longer secure
Common people learned they could change the world
Ideals of human dignity, personal liberty, and equality
Enlightenment crossed the Atlantic to Latin America, eventually inspired political movements in Asia and Africa

53. Draw Conclusions
Why could it be said that the French Revolution is still being fought today?
Answer(s): People still fight for the basic ideals of liberty and equality.

55. Video The Impact of the French Revolution
Click above to play the video.

56. Note Taking Transparency 78
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57. The French Revolution and Napoleon: Section 4
Progress Monitoring Transparency
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