1. Blood

2. Functions
A. Transport: gasses, nutrients, wastes, hormones, antibodies etc.
B. Defense:
Leukocytes- white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes)
Antibodies: small proteins in blood
Complement: small proteins in blood
C. Regulation
1) Platelets form blood clots during injury & prevents excess blood loss.
2) Regulate body temperature w/ constricting/dilating blood vessels (circulation flow)
3) Salts & proteins keep content of water in plasma high (osmosis)- maintains blood pressure
4) Regulates pH & electrolytes in blood & interstitial fluid.

3. Serum:
Blood plasma after
clotting factors
have been removed

4. Plasma
A. Consists of inorganic & organic molecules dissolved in water.
55% of blood volume. water (90-92%), salts, gasses, hormones, vitamins, nutrients, cholesterol, antibodies. etc.
B. plasma proteins:
1. albumin: 60%,most abundant & smallest. Mainly to maintain correct osmotic pressure of blood.
2. globulin:
a) immunoglobuins= antibodies.
b) Transport globulins: bind to insoluble substances that may be filtered out of kidney.
3. Fibrinogen inactive clotting factor . Activated form: fibrin.

5. Figure 20.1b The Composition of Whole Blood
Plasma Proteins
Other Solutes
Albumins (60%)
Major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma; transport
lipids, steroid hormones
Electrolytes
Normal extracellular fluid ion composition essential for vital cellular activities Ions contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids Major plasma electrolytes are Na, K, Ca2, Mg2, Cl, HCO3, HPO4, SO42
Globulins (35%)
Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function
Fibrinogen (4%)
Essential component of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin
Organic nutrients
Used for ATP production, growth, and maintenance of cells; include lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, glycerides), carbohydrates (primarily glucose), and amino acids
Regulatory proteins (1%)
Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones
Organic wastes
Carried to sites of breakdown or excretion; include urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonium ions 5

6. A pluripotent stem cell in red bone marrow 2 multipotent stem cells.
A. Hemaotpoiesis- making of formed elements. Takes place in red bone marrow.
A pluripotent stem cell in red bone marrow 2 multipotent stem cells.
A multipotent stem cell maintains its population by replicating itself. Some of those new cells will differentiate into other types of stem cells. When a stem cell differentiates, it commits itself to a single developmental pathway.
Leukemia: cancer of white blood cells. Too much production in bone marrow, but cells put out into blood are immature and not functional. Disrupts formation of normal blood cells.

7. Figure 20.8 The Origins and Differentiation of Formed Elements
Pluripotential Stem Cells
Red bone marrow
Myeloid Stem Cells
Lymphoid Stem Cells
Progenitor Cells
Blast Cells
Proerythroblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast
Myelocytes
Erythroblast stages
Band Cells
Ejection of nucleus
Megakaryocyte
Promonocyte
Prolymphocyte
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Platelets
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
White Blood Cells (WBCs) 7

8. “Process of making formed elements (all blood cells)”
Hematopoiesis
“Process of making formed elements (all blood cells)”
Multipotent

9. Figure 20.1c The Composition of Whole Blood (Part 2 of 2)
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Neutrophils (50–70%)
Eosinophils (2–4%)
Monocytes (2–8%)
Basophils (1%)
Lymphocytes (20–30%) 9

10. Figure 20.2a Histology of Red Blood Cells
Blood smear
LM  477
When viewed in a standard histological blood smear, red blood cells appear as two-dimensional objects because they are flattened against the surface of the slide. 10

11. 1. Erythrocytes
a) Small biconcave disks- shape gives it flexibility to move through small capillaries and a large surface area (for diffusion of gasses)
b) rouleau: stack of RBC’s in small spaces
c) Enucleated- Survive 120 days in circulation, Destroyed in liver & spleen.
d) Hemoglobin: (Hb) Four subunit protein. Each subunit contains 1 heme group. Each heme group contains an iron (Fe) atom which binds to oxygen. This is why we need iron in the diet! million molecules of Hb in one RBC!
- Anemia: condition where blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Causes of anemia: disease (eg. malaria), genetic disorder, low iron in diet.
e) Hematocrit: % of RBC’s in blood. Normally about 45% for men and 40% for women
f) ABO blood typing & Rh factor (D antigen)

12. Figure 20.2bc Histology of Red Blood Cells
0.45–1.16 m
2.31–2.85 m
Red blood cells
SEM  1838
7.2–8.4 m
A scanning electron micrograph of red blood cells reveals their three-dimensional structure quite clearly.
A sectional view of a red blood cell 12

13. Figure 20.2d Histology of Red Blood Cells
Red blood cell (RBC)
Rouleau (stacked RBCs)
Nucleus of endothelial cell
Blood vessels (viewed in longitudinal section)
Sectioned capillaries
LM  1430
When traveling through relatively narrow capillaries, erythrocytes may stack like dinner plates, forming a rouleau. 13

14. Figure 20.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin
 chain 1
 chain 1
 chain 2
Heme
 chain 2
Hemoglobin molecule
Heme 14

15. Blood types- Erythrocyte antigens

16. Leukocytes (WBCs)
Fight infection- in blood, lymph nodes, lymph & other lymphatic tissues.
a) granular leukocytes
1.neutrophils*
Polymorphonuclear (PMN), mobile, phagocytic,
2. eosinophils*: pink, kidney shaped nucleus, fights parasites. Involved in allergy, 3.basophils*: dark granules, bilobed nucleus, mediates allergy, histamine production,
b) agranular leukocytes
1. monocytes*: in blood, immature. Large nucleus with a notch. Migrates to tissues.
- In the tissues, it matures into macrophage.
Phagocytic, non-specific.
2. lymphocytes: B & T cells. Specific immunity. Has “memory”.
- large round nucleus. Very little cytoplasm visible.
- cannot tell difference between T and B cell based on morphology
- B cells  antibodies, has memory
- T cells Kill virally infected cells, cancer cells Recognizes foreign tissues, Has memory
-Helper T cells: coordinates all arms of immunity (nonspecific cells, B cells & T cells). HIV kills helper T cells. The person becomes immunocompromised.

17. Figure 20.5 Histology of White Blood Cells
RBC
RBC
RBC
RBC
RBC
Neutrophil
LM  1500
Eosinophil
LM  1500
Basophil
LM  1500
Monocyte
LM  1500
Lymphocyte
LM  1500
(see neutrophil in action) 17

18. Leukocytes

19. Figure 20.7 Structure of a Blood Clot
Network of fibrin fibers
Trapped RBCs in fibrin strands
See video
on clotting
Platelets
Blood clot
SEM  4675 19