1. Blood

2. Blood
Blood transports substances and maintains homeostasis in the body
Blood is a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE
It has two basic components
CELLS – the hematocrit  (rbc, wbc, platelets)  = 45%
Plasma (water, proteins, amino acids..etc)  = 55%

3. Plasma The liquid portion of blood is 92% water
Also contains nutrients, gases, vitamins (etc) and plasma proteins

4. Types
red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes)

5. Red Blood Cells Biconcave discs 5 million per cubic millimeter
Lack nuclei
Liver & Spleen – where macrophages phagocytize or destroy damaged RBCs
Average life span of a RBC is about 120 days

6. Functions Transports oxygen, picks up carbon dioxide
HEMOGLOBIN - molecule that combines with O2
IRON is critical to synthesize hemoglobin

7. Elements Critical to RBC formation
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Iron
Too few RBC = anemia
Hormone – erythropoietin controls the rate of RBC formation. The kidneys and liver release this hormone in response to prolonged oxygen deficiency. Within a few days newly formed RBCs appear circulating through the blood.

8. WBC’s - General function is to protect the body against disease (develop in red bone marrow and live for about 12 hours)
Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm)
Monocytes, Lymphocytes (can also form in the organs of the lymphatic system)

9. Neutrophil
Active phagocytes
60% of WBC
Present in the pus of wounds

10. Basophil Produces Heparin and Histamines
Important in Inflammatory Reaction
1% WBC

11. Eosinophil
Mainly attack parasites
2% WBC

12. Monocyte
Become macro-phages

13. Lymphocyte
Defense against invaders
Yield Antibodies
30% WBC

14. Functions Protect against infection either by Phagocytosis or
Produce proteins (antibodies) that destroy or disable foreign particles

15. Antibody immune response

16. Platelets
Blood clots and vessel repair

17. Plasma Proteins Albumins – help to maintain blood pressure
Globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) – transport lipids and antibodies for immunity
Fibrinogen – important for blood clotting

18. Hemostasis The process of stopping bleeding
Involves the coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage

19. Events in Hemostasis 1. Blood Vessel Spasm Seratonin = vasoconstrictor
2.  Platelet plug formation platelets adhere to the collagen underlying the lining of blood vessels
3.   Blood coagulation
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
COAGULATION  -  the thickening of blood to form a clot  (hematoma)

20. THROMBUS – blood clot (abnormal)
EMBOLUS – when the clot moves to another place.

21. Blood Groups and Transfusions
Antigens and antibodies (Rh blood factor)
ABO blood groups
erythroblastosis fetalis