1. WOUNDS, BLEEDING AND SHOCK

2. COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
Blood
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

3. THE HEART
It is located in the centre of the chest just beneath the breastbone
It is approximately the size of a clenched fist
It is a specialized pump
It is constructed of muscle(myocardium), which gets it’s blood supply from the coronary arteries
It consists of 4 chambers

4. HEART
POSITION OF THE HEART WITHIN THE CHEST

5. AORTA
FROM BODY
TO LUNGS
TO LUNGS
FROM LUNGS
FROM LUNGS
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT VENTRICLE

6. CORONARY ARTERIES OF THE HEART

7. BLOOD - COMPONENTS Plasma (liquid) Red blood cells (solid)
White blood cells (solid)
Platelets (solid)

8. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
To carry oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body.
To carry carbon di-oxide and waste products away from the tissues of the body.

9. ARTERIES
Carotid
Radial
Femoral
Brachial

10. PULSE
Definition:- The wave of pressure caused by the distension and recoil of the Aorta.

11. SHOCK

12. SHOCK
Definition:- Failure of the circulatory system to deliver sufficient oxygen and nutrients to the vital organs of the body.

13. SHOCK - TYPES Cardiogenic shock Psychogenic shock Anaphylactic shock
Spinal shock
Hemorrhagic shock

14. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Pale, cold, clammy skin Rapid weak pulse Thirst
Weakness or fainting
Nausea
Rapid shallow breathing
Delayed capillary refill
Falling B.P. (late sign)

15. TREATMENT Maintain A,B,C’s. Position the patient correctly.
Treat the cause if possible (e.g. external bleeding).
Administer 100% O2.
Loosen the clothing around the neck, chest and waist.

16. TREATMENT Elevate the legs (if no trauma). Prevent chilling.
Monitor vital signs, pulse, respirations, BP, skin colour etc.
Give nothing by mouth.

17. TYPES OF BLEEDING
Arterial.
Venous.
Capillary.

18. CONTROLLING EXTERNAL BLEEDING
Elevation
Direct pressure
Indirect pressure (brachial and femoral pressure points)
Do not apply tourniquets!

19. WOUNDS
Definition:-An injury caused by physical means that leads to damage of a body part.
Open wounds.
Closed wounds.

20. TYPES OF WOUNDS Contusion(bruise) Laceration Incision Puncture Shot
Abrasion
Amputation
Avulsion

21. CARE OF AMPUTATED PARTS
Place the part in a plastic bag to protect it from water.
Lay the bag on top of a cold pack or iced water.
Do not allow the part to come into direct contact with ice.
Do not wash the amputated part.
Label the bag with the persons name and the time of injury.

22. INTERNAL BLEEDING
Bleeding within the body cavities may follow injury, such as a fracture or puncture wound, but can also occur spontaneously - e.g. Bleeding from a stomach ulcer.

23. TREATMENT OF INTERNAL BLEEDING
Maintain A,B,C’s.
Treat for shock.
100% Oxygen.

24. CONTUSION (BRUISE)

25. Deep Lacerations

26. INCISION

27. PUNCTURE

28. GUNSHOT

29. AVULSION

30. Abrasion
ABRASION

31. AMPUTATION

32. Dressing And Bandaging

33. DRESSINGS Dressings are used to. Control bleeding. Stabilize a wound.
Protect a wound.
Prevent further risk of infection.

34. BANDAGES Bandages are used to. Maintain direct pressure.
Hold a dressing in place.

35. RULES WHEN BANDAGING Explain exactly what you are going to do.
Work in front of the casualty.
Not too tight.
Not too loose.
Leave fingers and toes exposed.
Regularly check circulation.

36. WOUNDS - TREATMENT Nosebleed. Eye injuries. Neck wounds.
Chest and back wounds.
Impaled objects.

37. WOUNDS - TREATMENT CLOSED ABDOMINAL WOUNDS OPEN ABDOMINAL WOUNDS
GENITAL WOUNDS
EXTREMITY WOUNDS
GUNSHOT WOUNDS

38. CRUSH INJURIES

39. CRUSH INJURY
Definition:- A crush injury results when the trunk or an extremity is trapped between heavy items.

40. EFFECT OF A CRUSH INJURY
External bleeding.
Internal bleeding:-internal organs are crushed and blood vessels are damaged.
Inflammation:- contents of hollow organs leak.
Muscle damage.
Nerve damage.
Musculoskeletal injuries.

43. HEART
POSITION OF THE HEART WITHIN THE CHEST

44. CRUSH INJURY SYNDROME
Circulation is cut off when an extremity is trapped.
Oxygenated blood can not travel past the blockage to the extremity.
Waste products and de-oxygenated blood can not be carried away from to the extremity.
Toxins and potassium build up in the extremity.

45. CRUSH INJURY SYNDROME
If an extremity which has been trapped for more than 10 minutes is released, one of two things may happen.
Immediate cardiac arrest.
Kidney failure.

46. TREATMENT OF CRUSH INJURY
If the extremity is trapped for less than 10 minutes:-
Scene safety, universal precautions.
Primary survey - A,B,C’s.
Release the casualty as quickly as possible.
Control any external bleeding and cover any wounds.

47. TREATMENT OF CRUSH INJURY
If the extremity is trapped for less than 10 minutes:-
Secure and support any fractures.
Treat for shock.
Monitor vital signs, pulse, respirations, skin colour, skin temperature, pupils etc.
Obtain patient history, S.A.M.P.L.E.

48. TREATMENT OF CRUSH INJURY
If the extremity is trapped for more than 10 minutes:-
Scene safety, universal precautions.
Primary survey, A,B,C’s.
Summon advanced life support.
Obtain patient history, S.A.M.P.L.E.
Treat for shock where possible.
Do not release the casualty!