1. Borchert’s Epochs

5. Present-Day Travel

6. Quick Facts: CBDs are always the “core” of the “urban realm”
NA cities are less dense
NA cities are general “taller” than European (have shorter buildings)
Europeans are more compact
LA cities based largely off Spanish colonization methods
LA cities have modern and historic elements
Squatter settlements or shantytowns always have the least skilled and poorest residents
Euro, LA cities: CBD and surrounding area is highly desired
Asia cities are on the coats, and emphasis placed on port areas

7. Concentric Zone Model
Created by Ernest Burgess in 1925
Uses concentric rings and an isotropic plane (homogeneous flat and limitless surface
Modeled after the city of Chicago
Assumption: Zone of transition is disappearing with CBD expansion

8. Sector Model
Developed by Homer Hoyt in 1939 – note the year, mostly trolley car and train would be 2nd sector
Introduced transportation sector
Modeled after Chicago

9. Each nucleus acts as a growth point
Multiple Nuclei Model
Developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 modeled after the city of Chicago
Emphasizes increased use of automobiles and movement further away from the city center
Each nucleus acts as a growth point

10. Multiple Nuclei City Model
Edge cities (Suburbs) spurred around freeway intersections
Assumption: CBD is losing its dominant position

11. Galactic (Peripheral) City Model
Developed by Chauncy Harris in the 1960’s; modeled after the city of Detroit
Increasingly decentralized CBD with empty space due to suburban migration
*Could be based on looping interstate = 275 in Cincy

12. Model of a Latin American City
(Griffin-Ford Model)

13. History
Latin American cities fell under the rule of Spain during the colonial era. As such, they all followed the same set of regulations and laws known as the Laws of the Indies. They allowed Spain to keep reign* over its colonies.
One of the included requirements was for the cities to have a grid pattern established around a central plaza.
The wealthy lived near the plaza while the poor lived along the outskirts. This would be the start of the similar patterns found in Latin American cities.
The Latin American City Model was created by Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford, two geographers, in They determined that the organization of many cities in this region follow a similar pattern. Eventually, they released a revised model later in 1996 that we now use today.

14. The CBD (Central Business District) is where most of the business is focused. It is characterized by compact, high-building densities and high land cost. Many retail store, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated here. It also has the best infrastructure and many means of transportation.
The CBD and Market
The market is located on the other side of the CBD and is less industrialized. It is a traditional area for selling food and goods brought from outside the city (informal economy).

15. The Elite Residential Sector and Spine
The elite residential sector is the living area of the upper class and the upper-middle class. It has the best housing and forms closely on either side of the spine. The residents frequent the spine and have better services such as water and electricity.
The Elite Residential Sector and Spine
The Spine contains many amenities, offices, and shops attractive to the wealthy people. It is a narrow strip that juts out from the CBD. At the end is a mall or edge city for those in the elite sector.

16. The Zone of Maturity and Gentrification
The Zone of Maturity is located around the CBD. It has better housing, although not as good as around the spine, and is filled with middle-class residents who moved in after the wealthy moved into the elite residential sector. It has a fully developed infrastructure.
The Zone of Maturity and Gentrification
Gentrification occurs when middle-class residents move back into the inner city to fix the housing. It is located in the Zone of Maturity and helps increase property values.

17. The Zone of in situ Accretion and Middle-Class Residential
The zone of in situ accretion is a transitional area between the zone of maturity (higher class) and the periferico (lower class). It contains housing of modest quality and appears to be in a “constant state of on-going construction”. Homes and infrastructure are unfinished.
The Zone of in situ Accretion and Middle-Class Residential
Middle-Class residential is an outer semi ring on either side of the elite residential sector. It holds middle-class housing and clusters around an agglomeration, such as a mall.

18. The Disamenity and Peripheral Squatters
The Disamenity (barrios/favelas) sticks out from the market like spokes on a wheel and goes through the zone of in situ accretion. It is one of the poorest parts of the city and is not connected to regular city services in some cases. It can be overrun by gangs and drug lords in extreme cases. It is also unique to Latin American cities.
The Disamenity and Peripheral Squatters
Outside the disamenity sector is the zone of peripheral squatter settlements. It is home to the poorest people of the cities. It lacks infrastructure and most people live there illegally.

19. The Periferico and the Industrial Park
A periferico, or ring highway, connects malls, edge cities, and industrial parks so residents and workers may travel between them easier. It is found encircling the zone of in situ accretion and disamenity sectors (barrios/favelas), seperating them from the zone of peripheral squatter settlements.
The Periferico and the Industrial Park
Now, many Latin American cities have an industrial area or park separate from the CBD. Residents from other sectors work there.

20. Example: Rio
Rio is an example of a city which the Griffin-Ford Model can be applied to. The CBD is located towards the south east. Surrounding the CBD to the east along the spine is the Elite residential area. Towards the west is the zone of maturity, and on the outskirts of town is the peripheral squatter settlements.

22. African City Model (de Blij)
SUBSAHARAN Africa
3 Central Business districts
Colonial: developing upward (smaller). Formal economy location
Traditional: Single story buildings, formal economy, curbside/storefronts
Market Zone: Open air/informal economy, periodic
Ethnic neighborhoods are tribal
Western in nature due to colonialism

23. Southeast Asian Cities
Created by McGee
Importance of PORT ZONE
CBD usuall not indicated but its always around the PORT
Alien Commerical Zone = Chinese