1. 10th World Studies 3.30.18 Today’s Agenda: The Rise of Dictators NONE
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Today’s Learning Objectives:
I can understand how different leaders changed the power structure in Europe following WWI.
Today’s Agenda:
The Rise of Dictators
Franco, (Hirohito?)
HW:
NONE

2. Mussolini’s Fate
After the Allies invaded Italy in July of 1945, Mussolini was forced from power and captured
Mussolini was freed by German soldiers and taken to Germany to re-establish his government
He tried to set up a new government in Northern Italy but was captured by his own people and hanged upside down

3. Powerful & Continuing Nationalism
Disdain for Human Rights
Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats (as a Unifying Cause)
Supremacy of the Military
Rampant Sexism
Controlled Mass Media
Obsession with National Security

4. Religion & Government are intertwined
Corporate Power is protected
Labor Power is suppressed
Disdain for Intellectuals & the Arts
Obsession with Crime & Punishment
Rampant Cronyism & Corruption
Fraudulent Elections

5. Francisco Franco - Spain

6. Spain’s Background
1820—The Spanish Army overthrows the absolute monarch and makes Spain a constitutional monarchy. 1821—Absolute monarch restored by French forces 1833—to prevent a female succession, an attempted revolt by “Carlists” (Bourbon) is defeated by the army. The Carlists remain a strong, conservative force in Spanish politics —Rule of the Queens…army’s influence remains strong —Anarchy! (Still making attempts at it today…)

7. Spain’s Background
—Anarchy! (Still making attempts at it today…) —Monarchy overthrown, First Republic established 1871—Army restores constitutional monarchy

8. Spain’s Background
—Constitutional monarchy allows for “democratic elections.” System is rampant with corruption, results in an oligarchy…1898—Spanish-American War deals a fatal wound to Spain’s sense of nationalism —WWI, Spain remains neutral…economic growth —economy falters (like the rest of Europe…) & 12 different governments unable to solve the problem. 1921—revolt in Spanish Morocco leads to massacre of army by Moors —General Primo de Rivera takes control in a bloodless coup…rules for 7years, permanently undermining the legitimacy of the monarchy. 1931—The king abdicates the throne and the Second Republic is established…

9. Spain’s background before 1931
Overwhelmingly agricultural population and economy
Aristocratic landowners dominated in rural areas
Extremely poor and uneducated peasantry
Church dominated schooling
Vast differences in wealth and education between cities and countryside, between regions, and between social classes
Rapid industrialization after 1910 led to emergence of working class
Growing separatist movements in Catalonia and the Basque country

10. Reform Program of 1931
King fled and Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed
President Niceto Alcala Zamora
Goals
Expand power of the Cortes General
Separation of church and state
Universal suffrage
Secular school system
Govt was unable to stop mob violence against Church property and landowners
Conservatives denounced the govt for anti-clericalism, ineffectiveness, and undemocratic practices
Niceto Alcala Zamora

11. 1933 Election & Aftermath
Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won a plurality
Endorsed Alejandro Lerroux as Prime Minister
Radicals increasingly turned to violent methods
Increase in general strikes, street conflicts, assassination attempts, and attacks on religious buildings
Conservatives began to form paramilitary and vigilante groups
Govt crushed all rebellions
Support for the govt dwindled on both left and right
PM Alejandro Lerroux

12. 1936 Election
Loose coalition of left-wing parties called the Popular Front won a narrow victory over CEDA
Socialist Party (PSOE), Liberals, Communist Party, regional nationalist parties
Socialist Party refused to join coalition
Prime Minister Manuel Azana (liberal)
Cortes General replaced President Zamora with Azana on weak constitutional grounds
Rightists were outraged and many gave up on parliament
Manuel Azana

13. The Spark
Jose Calvo Soleto: leading monarchist and conservative in the Cortes General
Protested rising anti-religious terror, property seizures, & hasty agricultural redistribution
July 13, 1936: Murdered by police with links to the Socialist Party
Center and right parties were outraged
Nationalist generals were already planning an uprising and this provided the justification for a coup
Jose Calvo Soleto

14. Nationalist Coup Organized by Generals Jose Sajurjo & Emilio Mola
Prime Minister Casares Quiroga sent Generals Llopis and Francisco Franco to commands in outlying islands to distance them from coup plots
July 17: plotters broadcast the secret code to begin the coup
Llopis and Franco seized the Balearic and Canary Islands
Franco was flown to Spanish Morocco to take command of the Spanish Army of Africa

15. The Coup Fails
Nationalist forces failed to take control throughout most of Spain
Republican leaders were paralyzed by disagreement and indecision
In areas, workers and anarchists raided govt armories and suppressed Nationalist forces themselves
Within weeks Nationalists gained control of most of western and northern Spain
Republicans retained control of eastern and central Spain

16. The Nationalists
Cast the war as a struggle between Christian civilization and communism/anarchism
To protect tradition, security, and the rule of law
Opposed regional separatism
Strongly anti-communist
Staunchly Catholic
Favored strong central power
To defend the Church against anti-clericalism
Supporters included most businessmen, practicing Catholics, army officers, landowners
Carlists – favored restoration of the monarchy
Falange – fascist party favoring a strong dictatorship and military
Nationalists – favored a strong govt and unified country
Military – most military officers joined the Nationalists
CEDA – leaders and members of the right-wing political parties

17. Nationalist Leaders
Francisco Franco Emilio Mola

18. The Republicans
Cast the war as a struggle between tyranny and democracy
Centrists wanted to preserve moderate capitalist democracy
Communists wanted to establish a Soviet-style “people’s republic” outlawing the right-wing
Republican groups/parties generally had a wider range of goals and ideologies
Supported by most workers, landless peasants, and educated middle class
Republican Left – favored a liberal democracy
Socialists (PSOE) – favored land distribution and worker-controlled factories
Communists (POUM) – favored a Soviet-style communist govt/economy
Trade unions – wide range of trade unions desired varying degrees of worker control over factories
Catalans & Basques – desired regional autonomy or independence

19. Foreign Involvement
League of Nations imposed an arms embargo to try to limit the fighting and carnage
Britain & France were sympathetic to the Republicans but chose not to sell weapons
Feared that assisting the Republicans might lead to open conflict with the Fascist powers
Arms embargo proved ineffective as weapons freely entered Spain to assist both sides

20. German Involvement
Franco asked Hitler and Mussolini to assist the Nationalists
Germany provided mostly aircraft, tanks, equipment and advice
19,000 troops
600 planes (Condor Legion)
200 tanks
1000 artillery pieces
Hitler’s motives
To win another ally against Britain and France
To gain access to Spanish raw materials and ports during war time
To test and improve the Luftwaffe

21. Fascism Triangle… Block the advance of Commies!!!
MUST SURROUND THE DARN FRENCH!!!

22. Italian Involvement
Italy provided more troops but less equipment than Germany
50,000 troops
660 aircraft
150 tanks
1000 artillery pieces
Italian Navy helped stop arms shipments to Republicans
Mussolini’s motives
Fascist solidarity
To gain concessions from Spain in the Mediterranean
Not to be outdone by Hitler

23. Soviet Involvement
Soviet Union defied the arms embargo and secretly provided the Republic with much equipment but no troops
Attempted to conceal activities by sending old equipment and disguising shipments
Arms shipments were usually small and arrived unpredictably
Forced the Republic to buy the arms using gold reserves
Equipment
3000 advisers and troops
806 aircraft
362 tanks
1555 artillery pieces
Soviet Union advised all members of Comintern to send volunteers and munitions to the Republic
Soviet agents tried to strengthen the Spanish Communist Party and weaken the other Republican factions
Stalin’s motives
To spread communism
To preoccupy the German military
To embarrass Britain and France
Soviet involvement enabled Nationalists to paint the Republicans as Bolsheviks

24. Volunteers On the Republican side On the Nationalist side
8000 from Portugal
700 from Ireland
Unknown # from Romania
On the Republican side
Called the International Brigades
Saw Spain as the frontline in the fight against fascism
30,000 foreigners from 53 countries
mostly communists and intellectuals
Over 1000 each from France, Italy, Germany, Poland, US, Britain, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Canada, Romania, Switzerland, China
Only the Mexican govt supported the Republic and sent a significant amount of money and equipment

25. 1936 Nationalists consolidated control of northern and southern Spain
Franco consolidated his control over Nationalist forces and forced factions to unify
Nationalists launched an offensive against Madrid but were repulsed due to arrival of International Brigades
Republic moved the capital to Valencia

26. 1937 Italian and German troops and equipment arrived in force
April: Condor Legion bombed town of Guernica
Republic launched counter-offensive in Madrid area and killed Mola
Nationalists consolidated control of northern Spain
Republic moved the capital to Barcelona

27. Guernica – Pablo Picasso
1937

28. 1938
Nationalists conquered most of northern Spain and isolated Catalonia from the south
Major Republican counter-offensive called the Battle of the Ebro ultimately failed
Munich Agreement destroyed Republican hope in Western support
Republic moved the capital back to Valencia

29. 1939 Franco conquered Catalonia by February
Madrid and Valencia were conquered in March
50,000+ Republicans were executed
More were submitted to forced labor
Over 500,000 Republicans fled to France but most were deported back to Spain
Some were sent to German concentration camps during WW2
Some guerilla warfare continued into the 1950s

30. “Atrocities” By the Nationalists By the Republicans
Executed at least 130,000
Targeted teachers, union leaders, officials, and citizens of captured cities
Targeted Protestants and their churches
Attempted to eradicate the Basque culture
German and Italian air forces conducted aerial bombing of cities
50,000+ Republicans were executed after the war
By the Republicans
Executed at least 55,000
Targeted clergy and desecrated Church property
Killed 20% of all Spanish clergy
Nationalist sympathizers were often killed in retaliation for Nationalist atrocities or victories
Communists frequently targeted other members of the Republican coalition

31. Hirohito, Tojo, and the rise of Japan

32. Japan becomes an Imperial Power
Japan was a “feudal state”
1853: Matthew Perry forces the Japanese to open trade or face war
1868: Traditional government falls apart and the Meiji Era begins
Sends ½ of the government to learn from the Western world
See Manchester (England) and realize the importance of Industrialization
½ stays in Japan
Invade Korea

33. Another Island Nation… I wonder what could happen…

34. The Japanese saw that if they didn’t learn about weapons—they would be defenseless. They would be conquered like the Chinese.

35. So Japan began to modernize—in 50 years it went from a medieval society to a modern, industrialized society! This was a remarkable change!

36. A new constitution is formed
Japanese officials that were in the West learned about constitutions
Took ideas from the Prussian Constitution
Meiji Constitution
Emperor at the top
Military answers only to the emperor (and in future will help rule)
In the ’s Great Depression and Government Corruption lead to the military appointing a “Prime Minister” to rule with Emperor
’s all Prime Ministers are being assassinated so there is fear for a non-military prime minister to be in charge

37. Emperor Hirohito (Showa)
1926 he becomes the Emperor
Grandson of Meiji
Appoints Tojo as Prime Minister

38. Hideki Tojo Country: Japan Type of Government: Militarism
Goals and Ideas:
Though Japan had an emperor, the military had taken control of the government
Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but he was worshipped by the people, who often fought in his name
Industrialization of Japan, lending to a drive for raw materials – how do you get raw materials? IMPERIALISM
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China (the League of Nations did nothing)
Hideki Tojo, Military Leader of Japan
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

39. Tojo Hideki
Tojo believed in the Racial Superiority of the Japanese people, especially over the Chinese.
He was also ultra-nationalistic as well as very militaristic.
He wanted to expand the Japanese empire throughout the Pacific Rim.

40. Tojo’s Rise to Power Joined the Japanese army
• His military service included periods in Switzerland and Germany
•Became “major general” in 1933
• Became head of the Kwantung Army military police in 1935
• He was appointed minister of war in 1941 by Fumimaro Kondoye
A strong supporter of Nazi Germany
• He feared long term plans of Joseph Stalin
Advocated pre-emptive air strikes on both China and the Soviet Union
Executed for charges of being a war criminal in 1948

41. Post WWI Japan
Japan is facing economic depression and large population
People of Japan (and China…) cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria
Exclusion Acts
Looking for markets to sell their industrialized goods
Europe and Africa are taken by Europeans
When Britain pulls out of China, Japan tries to take over
Pan Asianism: “Asia is one”
People of Japan cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria : 1923-Exclusion Act

42. Pan Asianism: “Asia is one”
Japan reminds Asians that Asia is larger and higher populated than Europe
Japan claims that they are the “true” Asians and unless culture has reached Asia, it must not be fully Asian
To be “fully Asian” (according to Japanese) you must be controlled by the Japanese
In other words: The Japanese believed they were helping the people they imperialized

43. Unless “culture” made it all the way up to Japan, the Japanese did not believe it was really “Asian”

44. Military and Political ideologies
Invasion is necessary
“Korea is the dagger into the heart of Japan”
To protect Japan you must control Korea
To protect Korea you must control Manchuria
To protect Manchuria you must control China
If they resist you must force them!

47. When Japanese troops moved forward to take in all of Northern China
When Japanese troops moved forward to take in all of Northern China ... the world began to take seriously a document written by a Japanese Prime Minister in 1928 and discovered by China in 1931 – the Tanaka Memorial, a huge plan of world conquest going as far as India, Asia and Europe.
(Pearl Harbor?)
(Hoax?)

48. Aggression in Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan leaves the League of Nations
By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

49. The Rape of Nanking

50. In December 1937, the Japanese swept into the city of Nanking.

51. In six to eight weeks they killed over 300,000 people.

52. Women were targeted. They were abused and raped
Women were targeted. They were abused and raped. In fact, this even is not known as the massacre of Nanking…

53. It is known as the Rape of Nanking—because the city and its women were literally “taken” and abused terribly.

54. Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities
Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities. They did this to “show off” or “brag.” Therefore, we do have many pictures about what happened.

55. Japanese soldiers themselves photographed and documented the brutal raping of thousands of Chinese women, the bayoneting of infants for sport, and the rampant slaughter of the population.
After 18 days, an estimated 300,000 people had been murdered.
As a placard at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall simply states, "The Chinese people suffered greatly."